Synopses & Reviews
By the time the United States officially entered World War II, more than half of American anthropologists were using their professional knowledge and skills to advance the war effort. The range of their war-related work was extraordinary. They helped gather military intelligence, pinpointed possible social weaknesses in enemy nations, and contributed to the armyandrsquo;s regional Pocket Guide booklets. They worked for dozens of government agencies, including the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Office of War Information. At a moment when social scientists are once again being asked to assist in military and intelligence work, David H. Price examines anthropologistsandrsquo; little-known contributions to the Second World War.
Anthropological Intelligence is based on interviews with anthropologists as well as extensive archival research involving many Freedom of Information Act requests. Price looks at the role played by the two primary U.S. anthropological organizations, the American Anthropological Association and the Society for Applied Anthropology (which was formed in 1941), in facilitating the application of anthropological methods to the problems of war. He chronicles specific projects undertaken on behalf of government agencies, including an analysis of the social effects of postwar migration, the design and implementation of OSS counterinsurgency campaigns, and the study of Japanese social structures to help tailor American propaganda efforts. Price discusses anthropologistsandrsquo; work in internment camps, their collection of intelligence in Central and South America for the FBIandrsquo;s Special Intelligence Service, and their help forming foreign language programs to assist soldiers and intelligence agents. Evaluating the ethical implications of anthropological contributions to World War II, Price suggests that by the time the Cold War began, the profession had set a dangerous precedent regarding what it would be willing to do on behalf of the U.S. government.
Review
andldquo;In this objective and scrupulous account, David H. Price performs an invaluable service by raising a central ethical question: To what extent should social scientists lend their skills to national tasks, even if the goals are not those with which they are in agreement? By carefully documenting what American anthropologists did to help win World War II, he illuminates that murky ethical space that lies between patriotism and the tasks of science.andrdquo;andmdash;Sidney W. Mintz, Johns Hopkins University
Review
andldquo;David H. Price is, without any doubt, our foremost authority on the ways in which anthropologists were used in World War II and the Cold War and on the ways in which those wars changed anthropology. Price knows how to use the Freedom of Information Act like no other anthropologist, and he has succeeded in unearthing a wealth of fascinating information about the military uses of anthropology in World War II. Anthropological Intelligence is at once a fascinating and entertaining source of trivia on anthropologyandrsquo;s ancestors and a keenly argued lament for what war has done to a humane discipline. Showing an encyclopedic command of the facts, Price writes with urbane elegance and a strikingly judicious compassion toward those whom he critiques. Anthropological Intelligence could not be more timely. At a moment when war is once more on anthropologistsandrsquo; minds, it will become the canonical book on anthropology and the andlsquo;good warandrsquo; while raising troubling questions for those in the age of the andlsquo;war on terrorandrsquo; who would like, once more, to mobilize anthropology for war.andrdquo;andmdash;Hugh Gusterson, author of People of the Bomb: Portraits of Americaandrsquo;s Nuclear Complex
Review
andldquo;Anthropological Intelligence is written with vigor. Its author, David Price, is the foremost authority on the way anthropology was transformed by the Cold War and World War II. . . . There are no heroes or villains in this detailed study and this is a testament to Priceandrsquo;s scholarship, careful documentation, and command of the subject matter.andrdquo;
Review
andquot;A work of immense scholarship, historical importance and, like all his work in this field, courageous. . . .The publication of Anthropological Intelligence is timely, coming as it does when many anthropologists are concerned about the militarisation of their subject through the use of andlsquo;embedded ethnographersandrsquo; and the US military's Human Terrain Programme (HTP), which teams social scientists with military units in Iraq and Afghanistan to help soldiers better understand the local culture.andquot;
Review
andldquo;David H. Priceandrsquo;s book adds substantially to a historical understanding of social scientistsandrsquo; service to government and the military during World War II, and it raises troubling questions about the social and institutional roles of knowledge professionals that transcend the temporal conditions of total war. . . . [A] fascinating and important study. . . .andrdquo;
Review
andldquo;[A] provocative thesis that deserves to be scrutinized in current debates about the proper role of intellectuals in the societies and polities of which they are members and citizens andmdash; and it should be discussed for the sake of clearing away andlsquo;specifically intellectual obstacles to commensuration, communication, and comprehension.andrsquo; . . . Anthropological Intelligence assembles a wealth of detailed information, much of it drawn from previously hidden and unusual government archives. . . .andrdquo;
Review
andldquo;One of this bookandrsquo;s great merits is the combination of meticulous documentation with lucid analysis. . . . Although we may not agree with him on all analytical conclusions he draws, the scholarly community still has to be grateful for this impressive scholarly achievement. After all, it provides for the very first time a solid basis for a debate which has been long overdue. In all likelihood, this volume will remain the standard reference book for the years to come. It is an indispensable source of insights not only for anthropologists, who will gain a thoroughly new understanding about their own fieldandrsquo;s historical contexts of reemergence after 1945.andrdquo;
Synopsis
Cultural history of anthropologists' involvement with U.S. intelligence agencies--as spies and informants--during World War II.
About the Author
David H. Price is Associate Professor of Anthropology at Saint Martinandrsquo;s University in Lacey, Washington. He is the author of Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBIandrsquo;s Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists, also published by Duke University Press. He was a member of the American Anthropological Associationandrsquo;s 2006andndash;7 Ad Hoc Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the U.S. Security and Intelligence Communities.
Table of Contents
Preface ix
Abbreviations xxi
1. American Anthropology and the War to End All Wars 1
2. Professional Associations and the Scope of American Anthropology's Wartime Applications 18
3. Allied and Axis Anthropologies 53
4. The War on Campus 74
5. American Anthropologists Join the Wartime Brain Trust 91
6. Anthropologists and White House War Projects 117
7. Internment Fieldwork: Anthropologists and the War Relocation Authority 143
8. Anthropology and Nihonjinron at the Office of War Information 171
9. Archaeology and J. Edgar Hoover's Special Intelligence Service 200
10. Culture at War: Weaponizing Anthropology at the OSS 220
11. Postwar Ambiguities: Looking Back at the War 262
Notes 283
Bibliography 317
Index 353