Preface
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
What Is Grammar?
Grammar Versus Usage
Descriptive Grammars
Grammatical Prototypes
Learning About Grammar
Aids to Learning About Language
Diagramming
IC Analysis
Phrase Structure Trees
Suggestions for Reading This Book
Key Terms
CHAPTER 2
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
Chapter Preview [included for each chapter]
Chapter Goals [included for each chapter]
Regional Dialects
Social Dialects
Standard American English
Styles
Second Language Acquisition
English in an International Context
Summary
Key Terms
[deleted endnotes]
CHAPTER 3
THE MORPHOLOGY OF ENGLISH
Morphemes
Allomorphs
Inflectional Morphemes
Noun Inflections
Verb Inflections
Functional Shift
What’s the Usage? Adjective and Adverb Inflections
Derivational Morphemes
Form Classes and Structure Classes
A Word About Words
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 4
FORM-CLASS WORDS
Form and Function
Forms with Overlapping Functions
Nouns
Prototypes and Peripheral Cases
Subclasses and Features
Noun Subclasses
Verbs
Verb Subclasses
Adjectives
Adjective Subclasses
What’s the Usage? Ajjectives
Adverbs
Adverb Subclasses
Analyzing Form and Function
Comments and Suggestions
Summary
Review Exercises
Subclasses
Key Terms
CHAPTER 5
MODIFYING WORDS:
PART 1 STRUCTURE-CLASS WORDS
Structure-Class Versus Form-Class Words
Determiners
Diagrams and Trees
Auxiliaries
Modal Auxiliaries
Have
Be
Do
Diagrams and Trees
Qualifiers
Diagrams and Trees
What’s the Usage? Qualifiers
Pronouns
Pronouns as Noun-Phrase Substitutes
Personal Pronouns
What’s the Usage? Personal Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
What’s the Usage? Reflexive Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
What’s the Usage? Indefinite Pronouns
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 6
CONNECTING WORDS
PART II STRUCTURE-CLASS WORDS
Prepositions
Diagrams and Trees
Differences Between Prepositions and Adverbs
Differences Between Prepositions and Verb Particles
Differences Between Verb Particles and Adverbs
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
Correlative Conjunctions
What’s the Usage? Punctuating Sentences with Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctive Adverbs
Subordinating Conjunctions
What’s the Usage? Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences
Relatives
Interrogatives
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 7
PHRASES
Subjects and Predicates
Form and Function
Recognizing Phrase Types
The Main Verb Phrase
Creating Verb Phrases
Time, Tense, and Aspect
Simple Tenses
Finite and Nonfinite Verb Forms
What’s the Usage? Verb Tense and Aspect in AAVE
Compound Verb Forms–Perfect and Progressive
The Meaning of Modals
What’s the Usage? Can and May
Other Auxiliaries
Have and Be as Main Verbs
What’s the Usage? Shall and Will
The Subjunctive Mood
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 8
FIVE BASIC SENTENCE TYPES
Binary Structure
Type I–The Intransitive Type
Types II, III, and IV–Linking (Copular) Verbs
Type II–The Verb Be Requiring Adverbs of Time or Place
Type III–The Linking Verb Type with Adjectival Subject Complement
What’s the Usage? Adjectives and Adverbs
Type IV–The Linking Verb Type with Nominal Subject Complement
What’s the Usage? It is I Versus It is me
Type V–The Transitive Type
Transitive Verbs with Reflexive and Reciprocal Direct Objects
Transitive Verbs with Object Complements
Distinguishing Between Transitive and Linking Verb Sentence Types
Verbs That Function in More Than One Sentence Type
What’s the Usage? Comma Splices
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 9
BASIC SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS
The Indirect Object Transformation
Indirect Objects and Object Complements
The Passive Transformation
Direct and Indirect Objects
What’s the Usage? Uses and Misuses of the Passive
Other Transformations
Negative Sentences
Negative Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs
Negative Sentences with Be
Negative Sentences Without Auxiliary Verbs or Be
What’s the Usage? Double Negatives
Interrogative Sentences
Yes/No Questions
Wh-Questions
What’s the Usage? Ending a Sentence with a Preposition
Imperative Sentences
Verbs in Imperative Sentences
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 10
ADVERBIAL AND ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES:
FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART I
Sentence Varieties
Subordinate Clauses
Diagramming Subordinate Clauses
Subordinate Clauses That Can Function Adverbially or Adjectivally
Relative Clauses
Relative Clauses Within Prepositional Phrases
Diagramming Relative Clauses
What’s the Usage? Who/Whom
The Omission of Relative Pronouns
Relative Adverbs
Relative Clauses Contrasted with Adverbial Subordinate Clauses
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 11
NOMINAL CLAUSES:
FINITE VERB CLAUSES, PART II
That-Clauses
Differences Between Relative Clauses and Nominal That-Clauses
Appositive That-Clauses
Relative Clauses and Deletion Transformations: Appositives
Functions of Nominal That-Clauses
Diagramming Nominal That-Clauses
Interrogative Clauses
Diagramming Interrogative Clauses
Rhetorical Problems in Using Dependent Clauses
What’s the Usage? Using Dependent Clauses
What’s the Usage? Punctuation of Dependent Clauses
What’s the Usage? Dependent Clauses as Sentence Fragments
Elliptical Dependent Clauses
Nominal Clauses The Omission of That
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
CHAPTER 12
NONFINITE VERB PHRASES
Infinitive Phrases
Diagramming Infinitive Phrases
Passive Infinitives
Infinitives Without To
Functions of Infinitive Phrases
Adverbial Infinitives
Adjectival Infinitives
Nominal Infinitives
Differences Between Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases
Present Participle Phrases
Functions of Present Participle Phrases
Diagramming Present Participle Phrases
Differences Between Present Participles and Adjectives
Gerunds
What’s the Usage? Subjects of Gerunds
Functions of Gerunds and Gerund Phrases
Differences Between Gerunds and Nouns
Past Participle Phrases
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Participle Phrases
What’s the Usage? Dangling Modifiers
What’s the Usage? Misplaced Modifiers
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
APPENDIX:
THE SOUNDS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
Consonants of English
Allophones
Vowels of English
American Pronunciation
Pronunciation and Spelling
Phonics and Phonemic Awareness
Summary
Review Exercises
Key Terms
Index