Children With Disabilities Seventh Edition

Comprehensive, authoritative information from the most respected experts: For 30 years, that's what Children with Disabilities has given the thousands of students, faculty, and professionals who rely on it. Now this trusted text is in a NEW seventh edition, thoroughly updated with the very latest research, new instructor materials, and the critical issues professionals need to know as they prepare to work with children and families. Incorporating 5 years of significant research and progress in multiple disciplines, this highly anticipated new edition is the textbook of choice for courses on disability. The internationally respected editors bring together a who's who of contributors—of seasoned experts and fresh voices—definitive compendium of information about developmental, clinical, family, education, and intervention issues.

WHAT'S NEW

• All-new chapters on diagnosis, neuropsychological assessment, "new" disabilities faced by survivors of previously fatal disorders, and complementary and alternative medicine
• New multimedia instructor materials online, including high-quality downloadable medical illustrations
• 30+ new contributors from diverse fields
• Expanded chapters on autism and ADHD
• New developments in neuroscience, genetics, and imaging
• Greater focus on interdisciplinary collaboration
• Considerations from drafts of the DSM-5
• Thoroughly updated content in every chapter
• PowerPoint slides for each chapter, easy to customize for courses

Children with Disabilities retains and strengthens the student-friendly features of previous editions: concise and accessible chapters, a helpful glossary, chapter overviews, case studies that bring key concepts to life, extensive cross-referencing to make information easy to find, and resource lists for every topic. And with the complete package of new multimedia instructor materials, instructors will use this textbook effectively in their courses and prepare students for years of successful practice. An unparalleled text from the leading voices in the disability field, Children with Disabilities is the cornerstone resource future professionals will keep year after year to support their important work with children and families.

Comprehensive, authoritative information from the most respected experts: For 30 years, that's what Children with Disabilities has given the thousands of students, faculty, and professionals who rely on it. Now this trusted text is in a NEW seventh edition, thoroughly updated with the very latest research, new instructor materials, and the critical issues professionals need to know as they prepare to work with children and families. Incorporating 5 years of significant research and progress in multiple disciplines, this highly anticipated new edition is the textbook of choice for courses on disability. The internationally respected editors bring together a who's who of contributors--of seasoned experts and fresh voices--definitive compendium of information about developmental, clinical, family, education, and intervention issues.

WHAT'S NEW

• All-new chapters on diagnosis, neuropsychological assessment, "new" disabilities faced by survivors of previously fatal disorders, and complementary and alternative medicine
• New multimedia instructor materials online, including high-quality downloadable medical illustrations
• 30+ new contributors from diverse fields
• Expanded chapters on autism and ADHD
• New developments in neuroscience, genetics, and imaging
• Greater focus on interdisciplinary collaboration
• Considerations from drafts of the DSM-5
• Thoroughly updated content in every chapter
• PowerPoint slides for each chapter, easy to customize for courses

Children with Disabilities retains and strengthens the student-friendly features of previous editions: concise and accessible chapters, a helpful glossary, chapter overviews, case studies that bring key concepts to life, extensive cross-referencing to make information easy to find, and resource lists for every topic. And with the complete package of new multimedia instructor materials, instructors will use this textbook effectively in their courses and prepare students for years of successful practice. An unparalleled text from the leading voices in the disability field, Children with Disabilities is the cornerstone resource future professionals will keep year after year to support their important work with children and families.

Mark L. Batshaw, M.D., is currently the "Fight for Children" Chair of Academic Medicine and Chief Academic Officer at the Children's National Medical Center (CNMC) in Washington, D.C., and serves as Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs at The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences in Washington, D.C. Dr. Batshaw is also Director of the Children's Research Institute at CNMC. Dr. Batshaw is a board-certified neurodevelopmental pediatrician who has treated children with developmental disabilities for more than 25 years. Before moving to Washington in 1998, he was Physician-in-Chief of Children's Seashore House, the child development and rehabilitation institute of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and held the W.T. Grant Chair in Child Development at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Dr. Batshaw is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania and of the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine. Following pediatric residency in his native Canada at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, he completed a fellowship in developmental pediatrics at the Kennedy Institute (now called the Kennedy Krieger Institute) and The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions in Baltimore.

He remained a professor at Johns Hopkins for 13 years and won the prestigious Alexander Schaffer teaching award while there. A Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Scholar and recipient of major grants from the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Dr. Batshaw is director of the NIH-funded Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at CNMC and continues to pursue his research on innovative treatments for inborn errors of metabolism, including gene therapy. Dr. Batshaw has published more than 130 articles, chapters, and reviews on his research interests and on the medical aspects of the care of children with disabilities. Dr. Batshaw was the founding editor in chief (1995 - 2001) of the journal Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. He is also the editor of When Your Child Has a Disability: The Complete Sourcebook of Daily and Medical Care, Revised Edition (Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., 2001), and Handbook of Developmental Disabilities (co-edited with Kurtz, Dowrick, & Levy; Aspen Publishers, 1996). Dr. Batshaw is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and is a member of the American Pediatric Society, the Society for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, the Society for Pediatric Research, and the Society for Developmental Pediatrics. Dr. Batshaw's investment in the well-being of children was first sparked by his parents, both of whom were social workers; his father was involved in modernizing the juvenile justice system in Quebec. Dr. Batshaw's wife, Karen, is a social worker in the field of international adoptions. His children also continue this legacy of making a difference: His daughter, Elissa, is a special education teacher and co-authored the chapter on special education in this edition of Children with Disabilities; his son Michael is a social worker; and his younger son, Drew, has overcome the challenges of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder to graduate from Vassar College and enter business school.

Dr. Laura Anthony is a clinical and developmental psychologist at the Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders at Children's National Medical Center and an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, Children's National Medical Center (CNMC) at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (GWU). She leads the intervention program at the Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, an active interdisciplinary evaluation, treatment, research and training clinic. Dr. Anthony has expertise in developing clinical interventions and over 20 years of extensive experience in studying and treating behavioral rigidities (executive dysfunction) and stereotyped behaviors in children with developmental disorders. In addition, she and Dr. Kenworthy were awarded an ASD supplement to CNMC's Leadership Education in Neurodevelopmental Disorders program to provide interdisciplinary training in the evaluation, treatment and research with children with ASD.

Philippa H. Campbell, Ph.D., directs all of the research and training projects under the Child and Family Studies Research Programs (CFSRP) at Thomas Jefferson University.

Larry W. Desch, M.D., FAAP, directs both the clinical and educational aspects of developmental pediatrics at Hope Children's Hospital, a major teaching affiliate of the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics. He completed his fellowship training in developmental disabilities at the University of Kansas Medical School and did postfellowship work for 3 years with Drs. Al Healy, Mark Wolraich, and James Blackman at the University of Iowa. Since then, Dr. Desch has served on the faculties of the University of Missouri and University of Wisconsin medical schools. He is a clinical associate professor at the University of Illinois-Chicago College of Medicine. Over the years, Dr. Desch has also assisted various state agencies that deal with children with a wide spectrum of disabilities and has served on a number of advisory boards and committees for children with disabilities of state chapters of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) (including as a past chair of the committee in Missouri). He is also active in a number of national academic and professional organizations, including the AAP (the Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics and the Section on Children with Disabilities), the Society for Developmental Pediatrics, the Ambulatory Pediatrics Association, and the Midwest Society for Pediatric Research. Within the American Academy for Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, Dr. Desch serves as chair of the Continuing Education Committee.

Lauren Kenworthy is the Director of the Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders at Children's National Medical Center and is an Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Pediatrics, and Neurology, The George Washington University Medical School. She has specialized in the neuropsychological assessment of children with social learning disorders and executive dysfunction for over 15 years. In addition, Dr. Kenworthy has published over 20 peer reviewed papers investigating autism and executive function, as well as developing the most widely used assessment tool in the field, the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, and Kenworthy, 2000).

Louis Pellegrino, M.D., is a pediatrician who completed subspecialty training in Neurodevelopmental Pediatrics at the University of Rochester, New York. Following his fellowship training, he joined the faculty at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine as an assistant professor and was Medical Director of the Cerebral Palsy Program at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Children's Seashore House. He is now Assistant Professor of Clinical Pediatrics at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He has written extensively on the subject of cerebral palsy and maintains cerebral palsy as a primary focus in his clinical, teaching, and academic pursuits, working in a variety of medical and educational settings in collaboration with many different professionals who devote themselves to the care of children with developmental disabilities. Dr. Pellegrino is board-certified in pediatrics and is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. He is a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy and Developmental Medicine, and the Society for Developmental Pediatrics. He lives in Hillsborough, New Jersey with his wife, Joan, and daughter, Elizabeth.

Bruce K. Shapiro, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; The Arnold J. Capute, M.D., M.P.H. Chair in Neurodevelopmental Disabilities; Vice President, Training, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205

About the Editors

Contributors

A Personal Note to the Reader

Preface

Acknowledgments

Letters from Andrew Batshaw

I. As Life Begins

1. Genetics and Developmental Disabilities

   Mark L. Batshaw, Andrea Gropman, and Brendan Lanpher

Genetic Disorders

Chromosomes

Cell Division and Its Disorders

Genes and Their Disorders

Epigenetics

Genetic Testing

Environmental Influences on Heredity

1. Fetal Development

   Adré J. du Plessis

Structural Development of the Brain

Functional Development of the Fetal Nervous System

1. Environmental Toxicants and Neurocognitive Development

   Jerome Paulson

Scope of the Issue

Susceptible Periods of Development

Specific Toxicants

Public Policy Implications

1. Birth Defects and Prenatal Diagnosis

   Rhonda L. Schonberg

Screening Evaluations During Pregnancy

Prevention and Alternative Reproductive Choices

Psychosocial Implications

1. Newborn Screening: Opportunities for Prevention of Developmental Disabilities

   Joan E. Pellegrino

What Is a Screening Test?

Why Screen Newborns?

How Is Newborn Screening Done?

What Should Be Done When a Child Has a Positive Newborn Screen?

What Happens to Children with Confirmed Disease?

What Is the Risk of Developmental Disability in Children with Confirmed Disease?

How Can Screening Fail?

The Past, Present, and Future of Newborn Screening

Prenatal Screening

1. The First Weeks of Life

   Chrysanthe Gaitatzes, Taeun Chang, and Stephen Baumgart

The Fetus Before Birth

The Birth Process

The Nervous System

1. Premature and Small-for-Dates Infants

   Khodayar Rais-Bahrami and Billie Lou Short

Definitions of Prematurity and Low Birth Weight

Incidence of Preterm Births

Causes of Premature Birth

Complications of Prematurity

Medical and Developmental Care of Low Birth Weight Infants

Survival of Low Birth Weight Infants

Care After Discharge From the Hospital

Early Intervention Programs

Neurodevelopmental Outcome

1. Nutrition and Children with Disabilities

   Rebecca M. Haesler and Jocelyn J. Mills

Typical Growth During Childhood

Nutritional Guidelines

Nutritional Issues in Children with Developmental Disabilities

Medical Nutritional Therapy

Special Nutritional Concerns in Children with Disabilities

Nutrition within Complimentary and Alternative Medical Care

1. Feeding and Its Disorders

   Peggy S. Eicher

The Feeding Process

Feeding and the Influence of Medical Conditions

Feeding and the Influence of Tone, Posture, and Development

Feeding Problems in Children with Disabilities

Evaluation of a Feeding Problem

Managing Feeding Problems

1. Hearing and Deafness

   Pamela Buethe, Betty R. Vohr, and Gilbert R. Herer

The 1-3-6 Guidelines for Screening and Diagnosis

The Hearing System

Defining Sound

Defining Hearing Loss

Causes of Hearing Loss

Identifications of Hearing Loss

Intervention for Hearing Loss

1. Vision and Visual Impairment

   Brooke E. Geddie, Michael J. Bina, and Marijean M. Miller

Structure and Function of the Eye

Ocular Development

Development of Visual Skills

Common Disorders of the Eye in Children with Disabilities

Disorders of the Visual Cortex

Strabismus and Ocular Motility Disorders

Refractive Errors in Children

Vision Assessment <>