Synopses & Reviews
If humans are purely physical, and if it is the brain that does the work formerly assigned to the mind or soul, then how can it fail to be the case that all of our thoughts and actions are determined by the laws of neurobiology? If this is the case, then free will, moral responsibility, and, indeed, reason itself would appear to be in jeopardy. Nancey Murphy and Warren S. Brown here defend a non-reductive version of physicalism whereby humans are (sometimes) the authors of their own thoughts and actions.
Did My Neurons Make Me Do It? brings together insights from both philosophy and the cognitive neurosciences to defeat neurobiological reductionism. One resource is a "post-Cartesian" account of mind as essentially embodied and constituted by action-feedback-evaluation-action loops in the environment, and "scaffolded" by cultural resources. Another is a non-mysterious account of downward (mental) causation explained in terms of a complex, higher-order system exercising constraints on lower-level causal processes. These resources are intrinsically related: the embeddedness of brain events in action-feedback loops is the key to their mentality, and those broader systems have causal effects on the brain itself.
With these resources Murphy and Brown take on two problems in philosophy of mind: a response to the charges that physicalists cannot account for the meaningfulness of language nor the causal efficacy of the mental qua mental. Solutions to these problems are a prerequisite to addressing the central problem of the book: how can biological organisms be free and morally responsible? The authors argue that the free-will problem is badly framed if it is put in terms of neurobiological determinism; the real issue is neurobiological reductionism. If it is indeed possible to make sense of the notion of downward causation, then the relevant question is whether humans exert downward causation over some of their own parts and processes. If all organisms do this to some extent, what needs to be added to this animalian flexibility to constitute free and responsible action? The keys are sophisticated language and hierarchically ordered cognitive processes allowing (mature) humans to evaluate their own actions, motives, goals, and rational and moral principles.
Review
"A nicely written, engaging book that makes a genuine contribution to the growing literature on mental causation."--Science
"A nicely written, engaging book that makes a genuine contribution to the growing literature on mental causation."--Science
"Murphy and Brown's arguments are complex, sophisticated and witty, drawing from theology, moral philosophy, neurobiology, and computational theory."--Brain
About the Author
Nancey Murphy is Professor of Christian Philosophy at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Warren S. Brown is Professor of Psychology at Fuller Graduate School of Psychology, Pasadena, California.
Table of Contents
Introduction: New Approaches to Knotty Old Problems
Chapter 1 Avoiding Cartesian Materialism
Chapter 2 From Causal Reductionism to Self-Directed Systems
Chapter 3 From Mindless to Intelligent Action
Chapter 4 How Can Neural Nets Mean?
Chapter 5 How Does Reason Get Its Grip on the Brain?
Chapter 6 Who's Responsible?
Chapter 7 Neurobiological Reductionism and Free Will
Postscript
Introduction: New Approaches to Knotty Old Problems
1. Avoiding Cartesian Materialism
2. From Causal Reductionism to Self-Directed Systems
3. From Mindless to Intelligent Action
4. How Can Neural Nets Mean?
5. How Does Reason Get Its Grip on the Brain?
6. Who's Responsible?
7. Neurobiological Reductionism and Free Will
Postscript