Note:
Questions for Consideration precede every group of documents and follow every picture essay. Each chapter concludes with a list of
Suggested Readings.
Introduction. American Indians In American History
Perspectives on the Past
America's Master Narrative
Indian History: A Shared Past
Working with Sources
A Note on Name Usage
1. American History Before Columbus
Determining What Came Before
Precontact Population
Creation Stories and Migration Theories
]The Kennewick Man Controversy
Glimpses of Precontact Societies
West Coast Affluence
Columbia Plateau Fishers
Great Basin Foragers
First Buffalo Hunters of the Plains
First Farmers of the Southwest
Farmers and Mound Builders of the Eastern Woodlands
Emerging Tribes and Confederacies
Seaborne Strangers
DOCUMENTS
A Navajo Emergence Story
Hastin Tlo'tse hee, The Beginning
Corn and Game, Men and Women in Cherokee Society
]Ka'nati and Selu
The Iroquois Great League of Peace
Chiefs of the Six Nations, The Laws of the Confederacy (1900)
PICTURE ESSAY Early American Towns and Cities
]Aerial Photograph of the Ruins
of Pueblo Bonito. Cliff Palace
at Mesa Verde. Taos Pueblo.
Bird's-Eye View of Cahokia Mounds, ca. AD 1100-1150.
]Cahokia Village Life. Indian Village of Secoton. Hochelaga.
2. The Invasions of America, 1492-1680
First Contacts and Enduring Images
Columbian Exchanges
Changing New World Landscapes
Biological Catastrophes
Indians Confront the Spanish
A Mission for Gold and God
Conquest of the Aztecs
Searching for Other Empires
North American Attempts to Colonize and Christianize
The Pueblo War for Independence
Indians Confront the French
Commerce and Conflict
Pelts and Priests
Indians Confront the English
Securing a Beachhead in Virginia
Making a New England
King Philip's War
DOCUMENTS
A Narrative of the De Soto Invasion
Rodrigo Rangel, Account of the Northern Conquest and Discovery of Hernando de Soto (c. 1546)
An Indian Explanation of the Pueblo Revolt
Declaration of the Indian Juan (1681)
Jesuits in New France
Jean de BrŽbeuf, The Mission to the Hurons (1635-37)
A Mi'kmaq Questions French ÒCivilizationÓ
]Chrestien LeClerq, ÒA Micmac Responds to the FrenchÓ (1677)
Two Views of King Philip
Increase Mather, From A Brief History of the Warr with the Indians in New England (1676)
William Apess, From ÒEulogy on King PhilipÓ (1836)
]PICTURE ESSAY Indian Images of the Invaders
]Invasion of Northwestern Mexico. Spaniards on Horseback.
]Wampum Belt Commemorating a Treaty of Friendship between the Delaware Indians and William Penn.
]Seneca Antler Comb with
an Effigy of a European.
]Haida Argillite Figure Group. The Last Supper.
3. Indians in Colonial and Revolutionary America, 1680-1783
Economic and Cultural Exchanges
Indians in Colonial Society
Colonists in Indian Societies
The Impact of the Fur Trade
The Cost of the Fur Trade
War and Diplomacy in Colonial America
The Language and Lessons of Diplomacy
Wars for America
Division within Tribal Communities
Captives Taken, Captives Returned
Indians and the American Revolution
Attempting to Draw a Line
Taking Sides
Peace Treaties
DOCUMENTS
Franciscans and Caddos in Texas
]Father Francisco Casanas de JŽsus Maria, Report from the Caddo Indians (1691)
An English Treaty and a Penobscot Response
]Treaty between the Abenaki Indians and the English at Casco Bay (1727)
]Loron Sauguaarum, An Account of Negotiations Leading to the Casco Bay Treaty, 1727
A Captive with the Senecas
Mary Jemison, A Narrative of Her Life (1824)
The Revolution Comes to the Cherokees
Henry Stuart, Report from Cherokee Country (1776)
PICTURE ESSAY Painting the Past: Indians in the Art of an Emerging Nation
Penn's Treaty with the Indians. The Abduction of Daniel Boone's Daughter by the Indians. The Death of Jane McCrea. The Last of Their Race.
4. American Indians and the New Nation, 1783-1838
The New Nation Expands
Developing an Indian Policy
Regulating an Indian -- and a Land -- Policy
Indians Confront Expansion
Building a United Defense
Accommodating and Resisting Change
The Last Phases of United Indian Resistance
Indian Removals
Roots of Removal Policy
The Cherokee Resistance
Implementing Removal
Surviving behind the Frontier
DOCUMENTS
The Treaty of Fort Finney with the Shawnees
Richard Butler, The Journal of General Richard Butler at the Treaty of Fort Finney (1786)
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, A Winter with the Mandans (1804-1805)
Foundations of Federal Indian Law and a Native Response
John Marshall, Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia (1831) and Worcester v. Georgia 1832)
John Ross, Reactions to Worcester v. Georgia: Letter to Richard Taylor, John Baldridge, Sleeping Rabbit, Sicketowee, and Wahachee (April 28, 1832)
PICTURE ESSAY Indian Life on the Upper Missouri: A Catlin/Bodmer Portfolio
The Interior of the Hut of a Mandan Chief. Diagram of the Interior of an Earth Lodge. Mint, a Pretty Girl. Ptihn-Tak-Ochata, Dance of the Mandan Women. Pehriska-Ruhpa,Moennitarri Warrior, in the Costume of the Dog Danse.Mandeh-Pahchu, Mandan Man. Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington.
5. Defending the West, 1830-90
The Indian West before 1830
Horses Transform the Plains
Jostling for Position on the Plains
At the Confluence of Guns and Horses
Invaders from the East
The Ravages of Smallpox
]Ethnic Cleansing in Texas and California
Losing the West
Wars and Treaties, 1861-68
Battles for the Black Hills
Different Strategies for Survival
The End of Apache Resistance
Return of the Prophets
DOCUMENTS
Sixty Years of Kiowa History
The Dohasan Calendar (1832-92)
Protection and Exploitation in the State of California
]An Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850)
The Treaty of Fort Laramie and the Struggle for the Black Hills
Council with the BrulŽ Sioux, April 28, 1868
Council with the Oglala Sioux, May 24-25, 1868
Council with the Miniconjous, May 27, 1868
Treaty with the Sioux -- BrulŽ, Oglala, Miniconjou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, and Santee -- and Arapaho, 1868
Chief Joseph's Plea for Freedom
Chief Joseph, ÒAn Indian's View of Indian AffairsÓ (1879)
PICTURE ESSAY The Battle of the Little Big Horn in Myth and History
The Death Struggle of General Custer. Custer's Last Fight. Custer's Last Stand. They Died with Their Boots On. Custer of the West. Little Big Man. Lakotas Fighting Custer's Command. Custer's Dead Cavalry.
6. ÒKill the Indian and Save the Man,Ó 1870s-1930
Americanizing the American Indian
Policies of Detribalization
Resistance Takes New Forms
The Dawes Allotment Act (1887)
Indian Territory Becomes Oklahoma
The Educational Assault on Indian Children
Removing Children from the Tribe
Life in the Schools
Surviving the Schools, Using the Education
The Two Worlds of Ohiyesa and Charles Eastman
A Changing World
ÒI Still LiveÓ: Indians in American Society
A New Generation of Leaders
Soldiers and Citizens
Indian Affairs on the Eve of the Great Depression
DOCUMENTS
Dismantling Tribes and Their Homelands
Merrill E. Gates, From the Seventeenth Annual Report of the Board of Indian Commissioners
An Indian View of the Indian Bureau
Carlos Montezuma, ÒWhat Indians Must DoÓ (1914)
Sioux School Experiences
Luther Standing Bear, ÒWhat a School Could Have Been EstablishedÓ (1933)
Zitkala-