Contents
Preface
TRANSMISSION GENETICS
CHAPTER 1 THE GENETIC APPROACH TO BIOLOGY
1.1 Genetics and the Questions of Biology
1.2 The Molecular Basis of Genetic Information
Specifying the amino acid sequence of a protein
Gene regulation
1.3 The Program of Genetic Investigation
Starting with variation: Forward genetics
Starting with DNA: Reverse genetics
1.4 Methodologies Used in Genetics
Detecting specific molecules of DNA, RNA, and protein
1.5 Model Organisms
Lessons from the first model organisms
The need for a variety of model organisms1.6 Genes, the Environment, and the Organism
Model I: Genetic determination
Model II: Environmental determination
Model III: Genotype-environment interaction
The use of genotype and phenotype
Developmental noise
Three levels of development
CHAPTER 2 SINGLE-GENE INHERITANCE
2.1 Genes and Chromosomes
2.2 Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns
Mendels law of equal segregation
2.3 The Chromosomal Basis of Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns
Single-gene inheritance in haploids
The molecular basis of single-gene segregation and expression
2.4 Identifying Genes by Observing Segregation Ratios
Discovering a gene active in the development of flower color
Discovering a gene for wing development
Discovering a gene for spore production
The results of gene discovery
Forward genetics
Predicting progeny proportions or parental genotypes by applying the principles of single-gene influence
2.5 Sex-Linked Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns
Sex-linked patterns of inheritance
X-linked inheritance
2.6 Human Pedigree Analysis
Autosomal recessive disorders
Autosomal dominant disorders
Autosomal polymorphisms
X-linked recessive disorders
X-linked dominant disorders
Y-linked inheritance
Calculating risks in pedigree analysis
CHAPTER 3 INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT OF GENES
3.1 Mendels Law of Independent Assortment
3.2 Working with Independent Assortment
Predicting progeny ratios
Using the chi-square test on monohybrid and dihybrid ratios
Synthesizing pure lines
Hybrid vigor
3.3 The Chromosomal Basis of Independent Assortment
Independent assortment in diploid organisms
Independent assortment in haploid organisms
Independent assortment of combinations of autosomal and X-linked genes
Recombination
3.4 Polygenic Inheritance
3.5 Organelle Genes: Inheritance Independent of the Nucleus
Patterns of inheritance in organelles
Cytoplasmic segregation
Cytoplasmic mutations in humans
CHAPTER 4 MAPPING EUKARYOTE CHROMOSOMES BY RECOMBINATION
4.1 Diagnostics of Linkage
Using recombinant frequency to recognize linkage
How crossovers produce recombinants for linked genes
Linkage symbolism and terminology
Evidence that crossing over is a breakage-and-rejoining process
Evidence that crossing over takes place at the four-chromatid stage
Multiple crossovers can include more than two chromatids
4.2 Mapping by Recombinant Frequency
Map units
Three point testcross
Deducing gene order by inspection
Interference
Using ratios as diagnostics
4.3 Mapping with Molecular Markers
Single nucleotide polymorphisms
Mapping by using SNP haplotypes
Simple sequence length polymorphisms
4.4 Centromere Mapping with Linear Tetrads
4.5 Using the Chi-Square Test for Testing Linkage Analysis
4.6 Using Lod Scores to Assess Linkage in Human Pedigrees
4.7 Accounting for Unseen Multiple Crossovers
A mapping function
The Perkins formula4.8 Using Recombination-Based Maps in Conjunction with Physical Maps
CHAPTER 5 THE GENETICS OF BACTERIA AND THEIR VIRUSES
5.1 Working with Microorganisms
5.2 Bacterial Conjugation
Discovery of conjugation
Discovery of the fertility factor (F)
Hfr strains
Mapping of bacterial chromosomes
F plasmids that carry genomic fragments
R plasmids
5.3 Bacterial Transformation
Chromosome mapping using transformation
5.4 Bacteriophage Genetics
Infection of bacteria by phages
Mapping phage chromosomes by using phage crosses
5.5 Transduction
Discovery of transduction
Generalized transduction
Specialized transduction
Mechanism of specialized transduction
5.6 Physical Maps and Linkage Maps Compared
FROM DNA TO PHENOTYPE
CHAPTER 6 GENE INTERACTION
6.1 Interactions Between the Alleles of a Single Gene: Variations on Dominance
Complete dominance and recessiveness
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Recessive lethal alleles
6.2 Interaction of Genes in Pathways
Biosynthetic pathways in Neurospora
Gene interaction in other types of pathways
6.3 Inferring Gene Interactions
Defining the set of genes by using the complementation test
Analyzing double mutants of random mutations
6.4 Penetrance and Expressivity
CHAPTER 7 DNA: STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION
7.1 DNA: The Genetic Material
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