Refusing the Favor: The Spanish-Mexican Women of Santa Fe, 1820-1880

Refusing the Favor tells the little-known story of the Spanish-Mexican women who saw their homeland become part of New Mexico. A corrective to traditional narratives of the period, it carefully and lucidly documents the effects of colonization, looking closely at how the women lived both before and after the United States took control of the region.

Focusing on Santa Fe, which was long one of the largest cities west of the Mississippi, Deena González demonstrates that women's responses to the conquest were remarkably diverse and that their efforts to preserve their culture were complex and long-lasting. Drawing on a range of sources, from newspapers to wills, deeds, and court records, González shows that the change to U.S. territorial status did little to enrich or empower the Spanish-Mexican inhabitants. The vast majority, in fact, found themselves quickly impoverished, and this trend toward low-paid labor, particularly for women, continues even today. González both examines the long-term consequences of colonization and draws illuminating parallels with the experiences of other minorities.

Refusing the Favor also describes how and why Spanish-Mexican women have remained invisible in the histories of the region for so long. It avoids casting the story as simply "bad" Euro-American migrants and "good" local people by emphasizing the concrete details of how women lived. It covers every aspect of their experience, from their roles as businesswomen to the effects of intermarriage, and it provides an essential key to the history of New Mexico. Anyone with an interest in Western history, gender studies, Chicano/a studies, or the history of borderlands and colonization will find the book an invaluable resource and guide.

"Deena González's Refusing the Favor is an essential for understanding the history of New Mexico. This is a capstone work in the field, put together by a thoughtful and brilliant scholar who gives us an insight into the role women played in the survival in two separate universes, that of the conquered and the conqueror." --Rodolfo F. Acuña, California State University at Northridge

"At long last, a history of the American conquest told from the perspective of Spanish/Mexican women. A leading Chicana feminist theorist, Deena González pushes the interplay of gender, race, class, sexuality to the absolute edge by demonstrating the impact of colonization on the daily lives of Spanish/Mexican women in Santa Fe. She compels historians to reconsider the conventional scholarship with regard to the allegedly accommodating atmosphere surrounding the conquest and the assimilative nature of intermarriage. With power and conviction, she articulates how women, such as Dona Maria Gertrudis Barcelo, were both "shapers of conflict and choreographers of outcome." Rich in archival sources and historical insight, Refusing the Favor is a significant contribution to Chicana/Chicano history, western history, and gender studies." --Vicki Ruiz, Professor of History and Chicana-Chicano Studies at Arizona State University

"González reads the accommodation and alleged complicity in the conquest that conventional interpretations have assigned to Spanish-Mexican women, as well as the images of Hispanas reproduced in Western American frontier literature and histories, within the context of global representations of women in the colonialist gaze. Incisive and brilliantrly argued, Refusing the Favor sets new methodological, theoretical, and interpretative standards of historical study." --Antonia I. Castañeda, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas.

"micro-history at its best."-- Bulletin of Spanish Studies

"This book is an engaging study that furthers knowledge of western history and women's lives in the West." --Choice

"Deena González's Refusing the Favor is an essential for understanding the history of New Mexico. This is a capstone work in the field, put together by a thoughtful and brilliant scholar who gives us an insight into the role women played in the survival in two separate universes, that of the conquered and the conqueror." --Rodolfo F. Acuña, California State University at Northridge

"At long last, a history of the American conquest told from the perspective of Spanish/Mexican women. A leading Chicana feminist theorist, Deena González pushes the interplay of gender, race, class, sexuality to the absolute edge by demonstrating the impact of colonization on the daily lives of Spanish/Mexican women in Santa Fe. She compels historians to reconsider the conventional scholarship with regard to the allegedly accommodating atmosphere surrounding the conquest and the assimilative nature of intermarriage. With power and conviction, she articulates how women, such as Dona Maria Gertrudis Barcelo, were both "shapers of conflict and choreographers of outcome." Rich in archival sources and historical insight, Refusing the Favor is a significant contribution to Chicana/Chicano history, western history, and gender studies." --Vicki Ruiz, Professor of History and Chicana-Chicano Studies at Arizona State University

"González reads the accommodation and alleged complicity in the conquest that conventional interpretations have assigned to Spanish-Mexican women, as well as the images of Hispanas reproduced in Western American frontier literature and histories, within the context of global representations of women in the colonialist gaze. Incisive and brilliantrly argued, Refusing the Favor sets new methodological, theoretical, and interpretative standards of historical study." --Antonia I. Castañeda, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas.

"micro-history at its best."-- Bulletin of Spanish Studies

Can we prevent the destruction of the world's tropical forests? In the fire-scarred hills of Costa Rica, award-winning science writer William Allen found a remarkable answer: we can not only prevent their destruction--we can bring them back to their former glory.

In Green Phoenix, Allen tells the gripping story of a large group of Costa Rican and American scientists and volunteers who set out to save the tropical forests in the northwestern section of the country. It was an area badly damaged by the fires of ranchers and small farmers; in many places a

few strands of forest strung across a charred landscape. Despite the widely held belief that tropical forests, once lost, are lost forever, the team led by the dynamic Daniel Janzen from the University of Pennsylvania moved relentlessly ahead, taking a broad array of political, ecological, and

social steps necessary for restoration. They began with 39 square miles and, by 2000, they had stitched together and revived some 463 square miles of land and another 290 of marine area. Today this region is known as the Guanacaste Conservation Area, a fabulously rich landscape of dry forest, cloud

forest, and rain forest that gives life to some 235,000 species of plants and animals. It may be the greatest environmental success of our time, a prime example of how extensive devastation can be halted and reversed.

This is an inspiring story, and in recounting it, Allen writes with vivid power. He creates lasting images of pristine beaches and dense forest and captures the heroics and skill of the scientific teams, especially the larger-than-life personality of the maverick ecologist Daniel Janzen. It

is a book everyone concerned about the environment will want to own.

This book unveils an unprecedented method for understanding how Mexico's northern territory, later known as New Mexico, came under the authority of the US, and what role females played in this political takeover. By focusing on the crucial yet "invisible" population of 19th-century Spanish-Mexican women living in Santa Fe -- until the California Gold Rush, the largest town west of the Mississippi -- Refusing the Favor situates gender issues squarely within contemporary debates about conquest and colonization.

Prologue

1. Women in the Courts: Conformity and Dissonance before the War, 1821-1846

2. Women under Siege: Sexuality and the Gendered Economies of Colonization, 1840-1852

3. Women's Survival Strategies: Gifts and Giving as Methods of Resistance, 1846-1880

4. The Politics of Disidentification and Recuperation: Notations about the "New" Western American History

Epilogue

Notes

Bibliography

Index