Synopses & Reviews
The first in a two-volume anthology of primary, secondary and visual sources, this reader provides a broad introduction to the evolution of World Civilizations from ancient history to 1700, and gives students insight into how historians use and interpret evidence in an effort to broaden their understanding of civilizations around the world. A wide selection of documents, images, maps and charts is presented along with chapter-opening timelines, source introductions, points for consideration, and questions designed to clarify the material and stimulate discussion. The reader is organized chronologically, but also provides an alternate topical Table of Contents, which allows instructors and students to compare sources across cultures and time periods. A new feature to this edition, "Using This Book," assists students in fully analyzing sources and context.
Synopsis
Photographs, illustrations, maps, charts, and texts are celebrating the arrival of a larger size and beautiful colors to the fourth edition of
World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations. This collection of primary, secondary, and visual sources for world history survey courses offers a broad introduction to the materials historians use and the interpretations historians make.
This text also provides introductions, commentaries, guides, and questions, making it a truly valuable source for world history courses. The selections and accompanying notes, drawn from a vast spectrum of approaches, provide insight into how historians work and place the material in a context that furthers readers understanding.
About the Author
Dennis Sherman is Professor of History at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, the City University of New York. He received his B.A. (1962) and J.D. (1965) degrees from the University of California at Berkeley and his Ph.D. (1970) from the University of Michigan . . He was Visiting Professor at the University of Paris (1978-79; 1985). He has received the Ford Foundation Prize Fellowship, the Council for Research on Economic History fellowship, and fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities. His publications include A Short History of Western Civilization, 8th edition (co-author); Western Civilization: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 5th edition; World Civilizations: Sources, Images, and Interpretations, 2nd Edition (co-author); a series of introductions in the Garland Library of War and Peace; several articles and reviews on nineteenth-century French economic and social history in American and European journals, and short stories on literary reviews. A. Tom Grunfeld is a professor of history at the State University of New York/Empire State College. He received his B.A. from the State University of New York/College at Old Westbury in 1972, his M.A. from the University of London/School of Oriental and African Studies in 1973, and his Ph.D. from New York University in 1985. He has received numerous travel and research grants from, among others, the National Endowment for the Humanities (1984), the Research Foundation of the City University of New York (1985), and the State University of New York and the Ford Foundation (1993). His publications include over 100 articles in periodicals published in over a dozen countries, The Making of Modern Tibet (1996), and On Her Own: Journalistic Adventures from the San Francisco Earthquake to the Chinese Revolution, 1917-1927 (1993), The Vietnam War: A History in Documents (with Marilyn Young and John Fitzgerald) (2001). He has lived and traveled extensively throughout Asia since 1966 and is a frequent commentator on Chinese and Tibetan matters for BBC Radio and CNN International.David Rosner is Professor of History and Public Health at Columbia University and Co-Director of the new Program in the History of Public Health and Medicine at Columbia's Mailman School of Public Health. He received his M.S. in Public Health from the University of Massachusetts and his doctorate from Harvard in the History of Science and, until recently, was the University Distinguished Professor of History at the City University of New York. In addition to numerous grants, he has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellow, and a Josiah Macy Fellow. He has been awarded the Distinguished Scholar's Prize from the City University and recently, the Viseltear Prize for Outstanding Work in the History of Public Health from the APHA. He is author of A Once Charitable Enterprise (Cambridge University Press, 1982; Princeton University Press, 1987), and editor of Archives of Sickness, Epidemics and Public Health in New York City (Rutgers University Press, 1995) and Health Care in America: essays in Social History (with Susan Reverby). In addition, he has co-authored and edited with Gerald Markowitz numerous books and articles, including Children, Race, and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Northside Center (1996), Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Industrial Disease (1991), Dying for Work: Safety and Health in the United States(1987), and "Slaves of the Depression": Workers' Letters about life on the Job (1987). Currently, he and Gerald Markowitz are working on a book on the boundaries between occupational and environmental health for the University of California Press.
Table of Contents
Topical Contents
Preface
Using this Book
A Note on Chinese Romanization
1. Early Civilizations of Southwestern Asia and Northeastern Africa
Primary Sources
Using Primary Sources: The Laws of Hammurabi
The Epic of Gilgamesh
The Laws of Hammurabi
Hymn to the Pharaoh
Harkhuf, Egypts Southern Neighbors
The Old TestamentGenesis and Exodus
The Aton Hymn and Psalm 104: The Egyptians and the Hebrews
Visual Sources
Using Visual Sources: The “Royal Standard” of Ur
Sumer: The “Royal Standard” of Ur
Egyptian Wall Paintings from the Tomb of Menna
The Environment and the Rise of Civilization in Southwestern Asia and Northeatern Africa
Secondary Sources
Using Secondary Sources: The Agricultural Revolution
Robert J. Braidwood, The Agricultural Revolution
William H. McNeill, The Process of Civilization
Herbert J. Muller, Freedom in the Ancient World: Civilization in Sumer
Barbara S. Lesko, Women of Egypt and the Ancient Near East
2. India to C.E. 500
Primary Sources
The Lawbook of Manu: The Caste System
The Mahabharata
The Lawbook of Manu: Marriage and Sexual Activity
The Kamasutra
The Book of Sermons: The Teachings of Jainism
The Book of Later Instructions: Janian Ideals
The Life of Buddha: The Origins of Buddhism
The Mahayana Tradition: The compassion of a Bodhisattva
Visual Sources
Gateway at Sanchi
Geography and Linguistic Divisions: The Indian Subcontinent
Secondary Sources
Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, The Ancient City of Harappa
A. L. Basham, Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture
W. Norman Brown, Cultural Continuity in India
3. China, to C.E. 500
Primary Sources
The Analects: The Confucian School
A Confucian Poem: The Role of Women
Buddhist Song: The Stages of a Womans Life
Mencius: How to Be a Good Ruler
Han Fei Zi (Han Fei Tzu), Eminence in Learning: the Legalist School
Daoist Writings: “The Wise Judge” and “Social Connections”
Visual Sources
Salt Mining
A Chinese House
Chinese Bureaucracy
Chinas Warring States
Secondary Sources
Evelyn S. Rawski, Kinship in Chinese Culture
Richard J. Smith, Chinas Cultural Heritage
4. The Mediterranean Basin: Greek Civilization
Primary Sources
Homer, The Iliad
Semonides of Amorgos, Poem on Women
Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedemonians
Thucydides, the History of the Peloponnesian War: Athens during the Golden Age
Sophocles, Antigone
Plato, The Republic
Hippocrates, Medicine and Magic
Visual Sources
Trade, Culture, and Colonization
Migration and Colonization
The Womens Quarters
Secondary Sources
Anthony Andrews, The Greeks: Slavery
Finley Hooper, Greek Realities
5. The Mediterranean Basin: Roman Civilization and the Origins of Christianity
Primary Sources
Polybius, Histories: The Roman Constitution
Diodorus of Sicily, The Ethiopians
Pliny the Younger, Letters: the Daily Life of a Roman Governor
The Gospel According to St. Matthew
St. Jerome, The Fall of Rome
Visual Sources
The Geographic and Cultural Environment
Commerce and Culture East and West
Carved Gemstone: Augustus and the Empire Transformed
Tomb Decoration: Death and Roman Culture
Secondary Sources
Gillian Clark, Roman Women
Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times: The Appeal of Christianity
A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire
6. The Rise of Islam
Primary Sources
The Qur'an
Hasan al-Basrî, Letter to ‘Umar II: Islamic Asceticism
Avicenna, Autobiography of an Islamic Scholar
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, Memoirs: Cultural Interactions
Visual Sources
Manuscript Illuminations: Scenes from the Life of Muhammad
The Spread of Islam in Africa
Secondary Sources
Ira Lapidus, The Expansion of Islam
W. Montgomery Watt, The Muslim Pattern of Conquest
Albert Hourani, The Islamic World
Peter Brown, the Eastern Orientation of Islam
7. India and Southeast Asia, 500-1500
Primary Sources
Muhammad Mujir Wajib Adib, The Key to Paradise: Islam in India
Muhammad Baquir Khan, The Four Legs of the Realm
Barni, Governmental Appointments
Guru Nanak, Sikhism
Nguyen Khac Vien, Traditional Vietnam
Zhou Daguan (Chou Ta-Kuan), An Account of Cambodia
Visual Sources
Trade along the Shores of the Indian Ocean
The Borobudur Stupa: An Oceangoing Ship
Women and the Sultan
Secondary Sources
Percival Spear, Islam in India
Richard Eaton, India the “Honey Jar” and the Lure of Trade
Than Tun, The Traditional Burmese Legal System
8. China and Japan, 500-1500
Primary Sources
Wang Daokun (Wang Tao-kun), The Biography of Zhu Jiefuy (Chu Chieh-Fu): Merchants in China
The Lady Who Was a Beggar: Women in Chinese Society
Secret Societies in China
Kitabatake Chikafusa, The Records of the Legitimate Succession of the Divine Sovereigns: Japanese Uniqueness
Tales of Uji: Dishonest Priests
Ban Zhao (Pan Chao), Lessons for Women
Visual Sources
Culture, Politics, and Power in Tang China 618-907
Zhang Zeduan (Chang Tse-tuan), Riverside Scene in Qing Ming (Ching Ming) Festival
The Glory of the Samurai
Secondary Sources
Jacques Gernet, Daily Life in China in the 13th Century
Ichisada Miyazaki, The Imperial Examination System
Jeffrey P. Mass, Women in Early Japan
Philip Snow, The Maritime Expeditions
9. The Mongols, the Turks, and the Middle East, 1000-1500
Primary Sources
al-Jahiz, Turks and Arabs
William of Rubruck, Mongol Gender Relations
Ahmed ibn Arabshah, Timur the Great Amir
Kritovoulos, Mehmed the Conqueror
Visual Sources
Cruelties of Conquest
Mir Sayyid ‘Ali, Life in the Camp: The Nomadic Tent
Power in Central Asia and the Middle East
Secondary Sources
Charles Halperin, Chinggis Khan
Thomas T. Allsen, Mongol Imperialism
Morris Rossabi, The Status of Women under Mongol Rule
Albert Habib Hourani, Muslim Arabs and Others
C. E. Bosworth, The Mongols and the Ottoman Turks
10. The Struggle for Order in the West: Europes Middle Ages, 500-1300
Primary Sources
The Institutes of Justinian: Byzantium and the Legacy of Roman Law
Feudal Contracts and Obligations
Pope Gregory VII, Letters: Secular and Ecclesiastical Authority
Reginald of Durham, The Life of Saint Godric: A Merchant Adventurer
Gratian, The Decretum: Medieval WomenNot in Gods Image
Pope Urban II, The Opening of the Crusades
St. Francis of Assisi, The Rule of St. Francis
Visual Sources
Illustration from a Gospel Book: Christianity and Early Medieval Culture
Pol de Limbourg, Medieval Life
Contraction and Expansion in the Middle Ages
Secondary Sources
Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne: The Beginnings of Medieval Civilization
Jo Ann McNamara and Suzanne F. Wemple, Sanctity and Power: The Dual Pursuit of Medieval Women
Jacques Le Goff, Medieval Values
Robert Browning, The Byzantine Empire: Defeat, Decline, and Resilience
David Herlihy, Ecological Conditions and Demographic Change
11. Transitions in the West, 1300-1500
Primary Sources
Giovanni Boccaccio, the Decameron: The Plague in Florence
The Goodman of Paris: Instructions on Being a Good Wife
Francesco Petrarch, A Letter to Boccaccio: Literary Humanism
Peter Paul Vergerio, On the Liberal Arts
Christine de Pizan, The City of Ladies
Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince
Visual Sources
The Triumph of Death
Hans Holbein, Wealth, Culture, and Diplomacy
Jan van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride: Symbolism and the Northern Renaissance
Unrest in the Late Middle Ages
Food and Crime
Secondary Sources
William L. Langer, A Psychological Perspective of the Black Death
Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
Peter Burke, The Myth of the Renaissance
12. Civilizations of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas
Primary Sources
Ibn Battuta, A Muslims View of the African Kingdom of Mali
Chronicles of an Ethiopian King
Joao dos Santos, Ethiopia Oriental: Courtly Life in an African Kingdom
Pieter de Marees, Political Practices in West Africa
Pedro Cieza de Leon, The Chronicle of Peru: The Incas
Human Poma, A Peruvian Chiefs Description of Inca Society
Bernal Diaz del Castillo, Memoirs: The Aztecs
Visual Sources
West African Goldweights
The Western Sudan in the 14th Century: Trade Routes and Politics
Mayan Woman and Children
The Americas in 1490
Secondary Sources
Roderick James McIntosh, Developing West African States
Innocent Pikinayi, The Origins of Great Zimbabwe
John Noble Wilford, The Earliest Americans
Gary Nash, Red, White and Black, the Peoples of Early America
Roxanne D. Ortiz, Indians of the Americas: A Geopolitical Analysis
13. Global Encounters and Cultures in Conflict, 1500-1700
Primary Sources
Azurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea
Afonso I of Kongo, Africa and Europe: The Problems of Alliances
Tomé Pires, The Suma Oriental
Francesco Carletti, Women and Poverty in Japan
Diego Munoz Camargo, The Aztec Account of the Conquest of Mexico
Laws of the Burgos: the Spanish Colonize Central and South America
David Pietersz, Voyages from Holland to America: The Dutch Colonize North America
Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa, A Voyage to South America: Caste and Race in Latin America
Visual Sources
Exploration, Expansion, and Politics
A Buddhist Temple: European Views of Asia
The Conquest of Mexico as Seen by the Aztecs
Secondary Sources
Richard B. Reed, The Expansion of Europe
Alan Taylor, Epidemics and Environmental Change in the Americas
Morris Rossabi, Muslims in Ming China
John K. Fairbank and Ssu-yu Teng, Chinas Response to the West
Jean-Pierre Lehmann, Europeans Arrive in Japan
M. L. Bush, The Effects of Expansion on the Non-European World
14. Europes Early Modern Era, 1500-1789
Primary Sources
Martin Luther, Justification by Faith
Constitution of the Society of Jesus
James I, The Powers of the Monarch in England
The House of Commons, The Powers of Parliament in England
Peter the Great, Decree on the Invitation of Foreigners
Visual Sources
Luther and the New Testament
Sebald Beham, Luther and the Catholic Clergy Debate
Peter Paul Rubens, Loyola and Catholic Reform
Pieter Brueghel, the Elder, The Harvesters
Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan: Political Order and Political Theory
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Happy Accidents of the Swing
Secondary Sources
Euan Cameron, What Was the Reformation?
Marilyn J. Boxer and Jean H. Quataert, Women in the Reformation
Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost: The Early Modern Family
Jerome Blum, Lords and Peasants
John Roberts, The Ancien Régime: Ideals and Realities
15. Asia, 1500-1700
Primary Sources
Yamaga Soko, The Way of the Samurai
Ekiken Kaibara, Greater Learning for Women
Habbah Khatun: A Womans Voice in India
François Bernier, Travels in the Mogul Empire: Politics and Society in India
Village Life and Government in China
Ghiselin de Busbeceq, The Ottoman Social Order
Visual Sources
Tulsi the Elder, Bandi, and Madhu the Younger, Akbar Inspecting the Construction of Fatehpur-Sikri
Architecture and the Imperial City
Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, 1520-1639
Secondary Sources
V. P. S. Raghuvanshi, Marriage, Caste, and Society in India
Peter Mansfield, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors
Jonathan Spence, Hard Times and the Fall of Chinas Ming Dynasty