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The most thorough theoretical foundation available

Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition, 10/e integrates four different approaches to argument: the enthymeme as a logical structure, the classical concepts of logos, pathos, and ethos, the Toulmin system, and stasis theory. Focusing on argument as dialogue in search of solutions instead of a pro-con debate with winners and losers, it is consistently praised for teaching the critical-thinking skills needed for writing arguments. Major assignment chapters each focus on one or two classical stases (e.g. definition, resemblance, causal, evaluation, and policy). Each concept is immediately reinforced with discussion prompts, and each chapter ends with multiple comprehensive writing assignments. This brief version includes readings within the chapters but excludes the anthology included in the comprehensive version. Also available in a Comprehensive version (032190673X) and a Concise version which is a redaction of the Brief edition ( 0321964284)

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Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition, 10/e integrates four different approaches to argument: the enthymeme as a logical structure, the classical concepts of logos, pathos, and ethos, the Toulmin system, and stasis theory. Focusing on argument as dialogue in search of solutions instead of a pro-con debate with winners and losers, it is consistently praised for teaching the critical-thinking skills needed for writing arguments. Major assignment chapters each focus on one or two classical stases (e.g. definition, resemblance, causal, evaluation, and policy). Each concept is immediately reinforced with discussion prompts, and each chapter ends with multiple comprehensive writing assignments. This brief version includes readings within the chapters but excludes the anthology included in the comprehensive version. Also available in a Comprehensive version (032190673X) and a Concise version which is a redaction of the Brief edition ( 0321964284)

Personalize learning with MyWritingLab

Package consists of:

• 0133944131 / 9780133944136 MyWritingLab - Glue In Access Card
• 013394414X / 9780133944143 MyWritingLab - Inside Star Sticker
• 0321964276 / 9780321964274 Writing Arguments: A Rhetoric with Readings, Brief Edition, 10/e

John C. Bean is an emeritus professor of English at Seattle University, where he held the title of “Consulting Professor of Writing and Assessment.”  He has an undergraduate degree from Stanford (1965) and a Ph.D. from the University of Washington (1972).  He is the author of Engaging Ideas: The Professor’s Guide to Writing, Critical Thinking, and Active Learning in the Classroom, 2^nd edition (Jossey-Bass, 2011).  He is also the co-author of three widely-used composition textbooks–Writing Arguments, The Allyn and Bacon Guide to Writing, and Reading Rhetorically.  He has published numerous articles and book chapters on writing in the disciplines as well as on literary subjects.   His current research interests focus on pedagogical strategies for teaching undergraduate research including quantitative literacy, disciplinary methods of inquiry and argument, and the problem of “transfer of learning” as students move through and across a curriculum.  He has delivered lectures and conducted workshops on writing-across-the-curriculum throughout the United States and Canada as well as for universities in Germany, Bangladesh, and Ghana.  In 2010 his article “Messy Problems and Lay Audiences:  Teaching Critical Thinking within the Finance Curriculum” (co-authored with colleagues from finance and economics) won the 2009 McGraw-Hill — Magna Publications Award for the year’s best “scholarly work on teaching and learning.”  

1    Argument: An Introduction    

What Do We Mean by Argument?    

Argument Is Not a Fight or a Quarrel    

Argument Is Not Pro-Con Debate    

Arguments Can Be Explicit or Implicit    

JUAN LUCAS (STUDENT), “An Argument Against Banning Phthalates”    

A student opposes a ban on a chemical that makes toys soft and flexible.

Argument Requires Justification of Its Claims    

Argument Is Both a Process and a Product    

Argument Combines Truth Seeking and Persuasion    

Argument and the Problem of Truth    

Conclusion    

2    Argument as Inquiry: Reading and Exploring    

Finding Issues to Explore    

Do Some Initial Brainstorming    

Be Open to the Issues All around You    

Explore Ideas by Freewriting    

Explore Ideas by Idea Mapping    

Explore Ideas by Playing the Believing and Doubting Game    

Reading Texts Rhetorically    

Genres of Argument    

Authorial Purpose and Audience    

Determining Degree of Advocacy    

Reading to Believe an Argument’s Claims    

JAMES SUROWIECKI, “The Pay Is Too Damn Low”    

An American journalist argues for an increased federally mandated minimum wage combined with government policies to promote job growth and ensure a stable safety net for the poor.

Practicing Believing: Willing Your Own Belief in the Writer’s Views    

Reading to Doubt    

Thinking Dialectically    

MICHAEL SALTSMAN, “To Help the Poor, Move Beyond ‘Minimum’ Gestures”    

The chief economist for the Employment Policy Institute opposes an increased minimum wage, arguing that it does nothing for the jobless poor and will in fact lead to increased joblessness.

Conclusion    

Writing Assignment: An Argument Summary or a Formal Exploratory Essay    

Reading    

TRUDIE MAKENS (STUDENT), “Should Fast-Food Workers Be Paid $15 per Hour?”    

Examining articles by Surowiecki, Saltsman, and others, a student narrates the evolution of her thinking as she researches the issue of minimum wage.

PART TWO: WRITING AN ARGUMENT

3    The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons    

The Classical Structure of Argument    

Classical Appeals and the Rhetorical Triangle    

Issue Questions as the Origins of Argument    

Difference between an Issue Question and an Information Question    

How to Identify an Issue Question    

Difference between a Genuine Argument and a Pseudo-Argument    

Pseudo-Arguments: Committed Believers and Fanatical Skeptics    

A Closer Look at Pseudo-Arguments: The Lack of Shared Assumptions    

Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons    

What Is a Reason?    

Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses    

Conclusion    

Writing Assignment: An Issue Question and Working Thesis Statements    

4    The Logical Structure of Arguments    

An Overview of Logos: What Do We Mean by the “Logical Structure” of an

    Argument?    

Formal Logic versus Real-World Logic    

The Role of Assumptions    

The Core of an Argument: The Enthymeme    

The Power of Audience-Based Reasons    

Adopting a Language for Describing Arguments: The Toulmin System    

Using Toulmin’s Schema to Plan and Test Your Argument    

Hypothetical Example: Cheerleaders as Athletes    

Extended Student Example: Girls and Violent Video Games    

CARMEN TIEU (STUDENT), “Why Violent Video Games Are Good for Girls”    

A student argues that playing violent video games helps girls gain insight into male culture.

Conclusion    

A Note on the Informal Fallacies    

Writing Assignment: Plan of an Argument’s Details

5    Using Evidence Effectively   

Kinds of Evidence   

The Persuasive Use of Evidence   

Apply the STAR Criteria to Evidence   

Establish a Trustworthy Ethos   

Be Mindful of a Source’s Distance from Original Data   

Rhetorical Understanding of Evidence   

Angle of Vision and the Selection and Framing of Evidence   

Examining Visual Arguments: Angle of Vision   

Rhetorical Strategies for Framing Evidence   

Special Strategies for Framing Statistical Evidence   

Creating a Plan for Gathering Evidence   

Conclusion   

Writing Assignment: A Supporting-Reasons Argument   

6    Moving Your Audience: Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos   

Logos, Ethos, and Pathos as Persuasive Appeals: An Overview   

How to Create an Effective Ethos: The Appeal to Credibility   

How to Create Pathos: The Appeal to Beliefs and Emotions   

Use Concrete Language   

Use Specific Examples and Illustrations   

Use Narratives   

Use Words, Metaphors, and Analogies with Appropriate Connotations   

Kairos: The Timeliness and Fitness of Arguments   

Using Images to Appeal to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos   

Examining Visual Arguments: Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and kairos   

How Audience-Based Reasons Appeal to Logos, Ethos, Pathos, and Kairos   

Conclusion   

Writing Assignment: Revising a Draft for Ethos, Pathos, and Audience-Based Reasons   

7    Responding to Objections and Alternative Views   

One-Sided, Multisided, and Dialogic Arguments   

Determining Your Audience’s Resistance to Your Views   

Appealing to a Supportive Audience: One-Sided Argument   

Appealing to a Neutral or Undecided Audience: Classical Argument   

Summarizing Opposing Views   

Refuting Opposing Views   

Strategies for Rebutting Evidence   

Conceding to Opposing Views   

Example of a Student Essay Using Refutation Strategy   

TRUDIE MAKENS (STUDENT), “Bringing Dignity to Workers: Make the Minimum Wage a Living Wage”   

A student writer refutes three arguments against increasing the minimum wage.

Creating a Dialogic Argument with a Delayed Thesis   

ROSS DOUTHAT, “Islam in Two Americas”   

A conservative columnist asks readers to explore aspects of American identity that suggest that Muslims should not build a community center near Ground Zero.

A More Open-Ended Approach: Rogerian Communication   

Rogerian Communication as Growth for the Writer   

Rogerian Communication as Collaborative Negotiation   

Writing Rogerian Communication   

COLLEEN FONTANA (STUDENT), “An Open Letter to Robert Levy in Response to His Article ‘They Never Learn’ ”   

Using the strategies of Rogerian argument, a student writes an open letter about the problem of gun violence on college campuses to an advocate of minimal gun control laws and more guns.

Writing Assignment: A Classical Argument or a Rogerian Letter   

Readings   

LAUREN SHINOZUKA (STUDENT), “The Dangers of Digital Distractedness” (A Classical Argument)   

Using the classical argument form, a student writer argues that being a skilled digi-tal native also “harms us by promoting an unproductive habit of multitasking, by dehumanizing our relationships, and by encouraging a distorted self-image.”

Using the strategies of Rogerian communication, a student writer skeptical about charter schools initiates dialogue with a charter school advocate on ways to improve education for low-income and minority students.

PART THREE: ANALYZING ARGUMENTS

8. Analyzing Arguments Rhetorically

Thinking Rhetorically about a Text

Questions for Rhetorical Analysis

Conducting a Rhetorical Analysis

KATHRYN JEAN LOPEZ, “Egg Heads”   

Writing for the conservative magazine National Review, Kathryn Jean Lopez argues against the emerging practice of egg donation enabled by new reproductive technology.

Conclusion   

Writing Assignment: A Rhetorical Analysis   

Generating Ideas for Your Rhetorical Analysis   

Organizing Your Rhetorical Analysis   

Readings   

ELLEN GOODMAN, “Womb for Rent–For a Price”   

Writing ten years after Lopez, liberal columnist Ellen Goodman explores the ethical dilemmas created when first-world couples “outsource” motherhood to third-world women.

A student analyzes Ellen Goodman’s rhetorical strategies in “Womb for Rent,” emphasizing her delayed-thesis structure and her use of language with double meanings.

9    Analyzing Visual Arguments   

Understanding Design Elements in Visual Argument   

Use of Type   

Use of Space or Layout   

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Type and Spatial Elements   

Use of Color   

Use of Images and Graphics   

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using All the Design Components   

The Compositional Features of Photographs and Drawings   

An Analysis of a Visual Argument Using Images   

The Genres of Visual Argument   

Posters and Fliers   

Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements   

Cartoons   

Web Pages   

Constructing Your Own Visual Argument   

Guidelines for Creating Visual Arguments   

Using Information Graphics in Arguments   

How Tables Contain a Variety of Stories   

Using a Graph to Tell a Story   

Incorporating Graphics into Your Argument   

Conclusion   

Writing Assignment: A Visual Argument Rhetorical Analysis, a Visual Argument, or a Microtheme Using Quantitative Data   

PART FOUR:    ARGUMENTS IN DEPTH: TYPES OF CLAIMS   

10    An Introduction to the Types of Claims   

The Types of Claims and Their Typical Patterns of Development   

Using Claim Types to Focus an Argument and Generate Ideas: An Example   

Writer 1: Ban E-Cigarettes   

Writer 2: Promote E-Cigarettes as a Preferred Alternative to Real Cigarettes   

Writer 3: Place No Restrictions on E-Cigarettes   

Hybrid Arguments: How Claim Types Work Together in Arguments   

Some Examples of Hybrid Arguments   

An Extended Example of a Hybrid Argument   

ALEX HUTCHINSON, “Pounding Pills: Your Daily Multivitamin May Be Doing More Harm Than Good”   

Writing for an outdoor sports magazine targeting health and fitness enthusiasts, a journalist reviews the scientific literature against daily multivitamins and other supplements.

11    Definition and Resemblance Arguments   

What Is at Stake in a Categorical Argument?   

Consequences Resulting from Categorical Claims   

The Rule of Justice: Things in the Same Category Should Be Treated the Same Way

Types of Categorical Arguments   

Simple Categorical Arguments   

Definition Arguments   

Resemblance Argument Using Analogy   

Resemblance Arguments Using Precedent   

Examining Visual Arguments: Claim about Category (Definition)     

The Criteria-Match Structure of Definition Arguments   

Overview of Criteria-Match Structure   

Toulmin Framework for a Definition Argument   

Creating Criteria Using Aristotelian Definition   

Creating Criteria Using an Operational Definition   

Conducting the Match Part of a Definition Argument     

Idea-Generating Strategies for Creating Your Own Criteria-Match

    Argument   

Strategy 1: Research How Others Have Defined the Term   

Strategy 2: Create Your Own Extended Definition   

Writing Assignment: A Definition Argument   

Exploring Ideas   

Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   

Organizing a Definition Argument   

Questioning and Critiquing a Definition Argument   

Readings   

ARTHUR KNOPF (STUDENT), “Is Milk a Health Food?”   

A student argues that milk, despite its reputation for promoting calcium-rich bones, may not be a health food.

A student argues that his act of piracy–downloading a film from a file- sharing torrent site–is not stealing because it deprives no one of property or profit.

The Editorial Board of the Los Angeles Times supports a court decision that scholarship football players at Northwestern University are “paid employees” of the university and therefore have the right to unionize.

12    Causal Arguments   

An Overview of Causal Arguments   

Kinds of Causal Arguments   

Toulmin Framework for a Causal Argument   

Two Methods for Arguing That One Event Causes Another   

First Method: Explain the Causal Mechanism Directly   

Second Method: Infer Causal Links Using Inductive Reasoning   

Examining Visual Arguments: A Causal Claim   

Key Terms and Inductive Fallacies in Causal Arguments   

Writing Assignment: A Causal Argument   

Exploring Ideas   

Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   

Organizing a Causal Argument   

Questioning and Critiquing a Causal Argument   

Readings   

JULEE CHRISTIANSON (STUDENT), “Why Lawrence Summers Was Wrong: Culture Rather Than Biology Explains the Underrepresentation of Women in Science and Mathematics” (APA-format research paper)   

A student writer disagrees with Harvard president Lawrence Summers’s claim that genetic factors may account for fewer women than men holding professorships in math and science at prestige universities.

Linguist Deborah Fallows argues in The Atlantic that by texting and talking on cell phones instead of interacting with their young children adults are jeopardizing their children’s language learning.

A student writer examines the causes of college students’ credit card debt and puts the blame on the exploitive practices of the credit card industry.

13    Evaluation and Ethical Arguments   

An Overview of Categorical Ethical Evaluation Arguments   

Constructing a Categorical Evaluation Argument   

Criteria-Match Structure of Categorical Evaluations   

Developing Your Criteria   

Making Your Match Argument   

Examining Visual Arguments: An Evaluation Claim   

Constructing an Ethical Evaluation Argument   

Consequences as the Base of Ethics   

Principles as the Base of Ethics   

Example Ethical Arguments Examining Capital Punishment   

Common Problems in Making Evaluation Arguments   

Writing Assignment: An Evaluation or Ethical Argument   

Exploring Ideas   

Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   

Organizing an Evaluation Argument   

Questioning and Critiquing a Categorical Evaluation Argument   

Critiquing an Ethical Argument   

Readings   

LORENA MENDOZA-FLORES (STUDENT), “Silenced and Invisible: Problems of Hispanic Students at Valley High School”   

A physics major critiques her former high school for marginalizing its growing numbers of Hispanic students.

A student favorably evaluates The Daily Show and The Colbert Report as news sources by arguing that they keep us up to date on major world events and teach us to read the news rhetorically.

Lawyers specializing in medical research argue that mitochondrial replacement (which enables a child to inherit DNA from three parents) “might be a way to prevent hundreds of mitochondrial-linked diseases, which affect about one in 5, people.”

A Catholic archbishop finds therapeutic cloning “heinous,” despite its potential health benefits, “because the process is intended to create life, exploit it, and then destroy it.”

The Special Features and Concerns of Proposal Arguments   

Practical Proposals versus Policy Proposals   

Toulmin Framework for a Proposal Argument   

Special Concerns for Proposal Arguments   

Examining Visual Arguments: A Proposal Claim   

Developing a Proposal Argument   

Convincing Your Readers that a Problem Exists   

Showing the Specifics of Your Proposal   

Convincing Your Readers that the Benefits of Your Proposal Outweigh the Costs   

Using Heuristic Strategies to Develop Supporting Reasons for Your Proposal   

The “Claim Types” Strategy   

The “Stock Issues” Strategy   

Proposal Arguments as Advocacy Posters or Advertisements   

Writing Assignment: A Proposal Argument   

Exploring Ideas   

Identifying Your Audience and Determining What’s at Stake   

Organizing a Proposal Argument   

Designing a One-Page Advocacy Poster or Advertisement   

Designing PowerPoint Slides or Other Visual Aids for a Speech   

Questioning and Critiquing a Proposal Argument   

Readings   

MEGAN JOHNSON (STUDENT), “A Proposal to Allow Off-Campus Purchases with a University

Meal Card”   

A student writes a practical proposal urging her university’s administration to allow off-campus use of meal cards as a way of increasing gender equity and achieving other benefits.

A student writer and Marine veteran returned from combat duty in Iraq argues that women should not serve in combat units because the inevitable sexual friction undermines morale and endangers soldiers’ lives.

An organization devoted to saving bees calls for support for a moratorium on the use of certain chemical pesticides that are deadly to bees.

A student proposes the end of subsidies for cheap meat for the benefit of both people’s health and the environment.

Two Dutch entomologists argue that insects are a nutritious and tasty form of protein and less environmentally harmful than cattle, pigs, or chickens.

PART FIVE: THE RESEARCHED ARGUMENT    

15    Finding and Evaluating Sources   

Formulating a Research Question Instead of a “Topic”   

Thinking Rhetorically about Kinds of Sources   

Identifying Kinds of Sources Relevant to Your Question   

Approaching Sources Rhetorically   

Finding Sources   

Conducting Interviews   

Gathering Source Data from Surveys or Questionnaires   

Finding Books and Reference Sources   

Using Licensed Databases to Find Articles in Scholarly Journals, Magazines, and News Sources   

Finding Cyberspace Sources: Searching the World Wide Web   

Selecting and Evaluating Your Sources   

Reading with Rhetorical Awareness   

Evaluating Sources   

Taking Purposeful Notes   

Conclusion   

16    Incorporating Sources into Your Own Argument   

Using Sources for Your Own Purposes   

Writer 1: A Causal Argument Showing Alternative Approaches to Reducing Risk of Alcoholism   

Writer 2: A Proposal Argument Advocating Vegetarianism   

Writer 3: An Evaluation Argument Looking Skeptically at Vegetarianism   

Using Summary, Paraphrase, and Quotation   

Summarizing   

Paraphrasing   

Quoting   

Punctuating Quotations Correctly   

Quoting a Complete Sentence   

Quoting Words and Phrases   

Modifying a Quotation   

Omitting Something from a Quoted Passage   

Quoting Something That Contains a Quotation   

Using a Block Quotation for a Long Passage   

Creating Rhetorically Effective Attributive Tags   

Attributive Tags versus Parenthetical Citations   

Creating Attributive Tags to Shape Reader Response   

Avoiding Plagiarism   

Why Some Kinds of Plagiarism May Occur Unwittingly   

Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism   

Conclusion    374

17    Citing and Documenting Sources   

The Correspondence between In-Text Citations and the End-of-Paper List of Cited Works   

MLA Style   

In-Text Citations in MLA Style   

Works Cited List in MLA Style   

Works Cited Citation Models   

MLA-Style Research Paper   

APA Style   

In-Text Citations in APA Style   

References List in APA Style   

References Citation Models   

APA-Style Research Paper   

Conclusion   

Appendix    Informal Fallacies   

The Problem of Conclusiveness in an Argument   

An Overview of Informal Fallacies   

Fallacies of Pathos   

Fallacies of Ethos   

Fallacies of Logos