Hawks At A Distance Identification of Migrant Raptors

"Jerry Liguori's book takes the hawk identification guide to a whole new level. It is hard to imagine the amount of time that went into this book--countless hours on mountaintops and other hawk-watching sites taking the photographs, then selecting and arranging them. The result is simply the best collection of hawk ID photos ever assembled, combined with Liguori's clear and concise identification tips. This book is a gold mine of information for anyone interested in hawk identification."--David Sibley, author of The Sibley Guide to Birds

"Liguori has done it again. Fresh on the heels of his highly acclaimed Hawks from Every Angle, we now have the new Hawks at a Distance. He never missed a beat. Not only did he pick up where he left off, he has taken it to a higher plane. This twenty-first-century offering does for raptors what the seminal Ducks at a Distance did for waterfowl in the mid-twentieth century. It makes a quantum leap in the complex art and science of hawk identification, taming these shape-shifters like never before."--Clay Sutton, coauthor of Hawks in Flight

"Jerry Liguori presents an innovative concept tackling the age-old problem of identifying flying raptors when seen under field-viewing conditions. Optimal grasp of each species and age class is obtained with a multitude of photographs depicting various flight modes and lighting conditions of dorsal, ventral, and head-on views. The concise text is easy to read and very informative. Liguori's field identification prowess is impeccable and is articulated throughout this guide."--Brian K. Wheeler, author of Raptors of Western North America and Raptors of Eastern North America

"Finally a raptor identification guide that depicts hawks the way you are likely to see them--at a distance! Liguori's unique approach to raptor identification will help birders quickly focus on the field marks that matter, to understand broad plumage patterns, and ultimately extend their reach and abilities as hawk-watchers. This guide is an absolute must for anyone interested in raptors, and will become an instant classic among hawk-watching enthusiasts."--Brian Sullivan, eBird project leader, Cornell Lab of Ornithology

"This book is a winner. The spectacular, cutting-edge photos effectively highlight important aspects of raptors in flight and are simply mind-boggling. This is the one guide that almost everyone will take to the field."--Keith Bildstein, Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary

"Clear and concise, I found all the information presented in this book to be accurate and accessible for both neophyte and more experienced hawk-watchers. I congratulate the author for coming up with such wonderfully illustrative photographs."--Tony Leukering, senior ornithologist, Geo-Marine Inc.

"If you love watching hawks, Liguori's Hawks at a Distance is an essential aid which will help build your identification skills."--Wayne Mones, Audubon Magazine

"This book certainly gives a new perspective, and hope, to viewing those 'too-far-to-identify' raptors. The raptor enthusiast and the avid birder who's always trying to expand his knowledge of advanced identification tips will appreciate this book."--Avian Review

"Hawkwatchers are going to be the primary audience for this book, but anyone interested in pushing the physical boundaries of their bird identification to the horizon should pick it up. You won’t be disappointed." --The Drinking Bird

If you love watching hawks, Liguori's Hawks at a Distance is an essential aid which will help build your identification skills. -- Wayne Mones, Audubon Magazine A must-have for raptor people! -- Ian Paulsen, Birdbooker Report Possibly the best-ever raptor identification guide in print. . . . If you are serious about identifying birds of prey, whether at a hawk-watch site, or during your everyday birding, the advances made by the author with this book can assist you in achieving that goal in ways few books have done previously. . . . Highly recommended. -- William P. Mueller, Bluebird's Laugh Hawks at a Distance is an advanced study written by an authority in raptors. Mr. Liguori's book is great to be read with attention and what you learn you will treasure greatly if you are an active birder. -- H.J. Ruiz, My Backyard Visitors This is an absolute 'must have' for anyone who has ever even briefly wondered, 'What kind of hawk was that?' . . . Practical and beautiful. . . . If you have even the slightest interest in birds, you should own this book. -- n Speakman, eBirdseed.com Jerry Liguori has found a way to communicate to birders of all ages and skill levels how he can identify hawks at a distance. He provides us with a study tool that is the next best thing to being with him atop a ridge near a hawk flyway. . . . By putting in the work to study these photos and internalizing the helpful text explaining what is shown in each photo, you would be ready to join a hawk-watch group and dazzle them with your advanced skills. -- Robert Mortensen, Birding is Fun This book has a lot to offer hawk watchers of all levels of experience. -- A Charm of Finches Hawks at a Distance is a neat little book and valuable reference. -- Angus Wilson, OceanWanderers Book Shelf A remarkable and important field guide. -- Greg Laden, Science Every birder with an interest in hawks should own this book. And really, what birder isn't interested in hawks? Show me a birder that doesn't enjoy an afternoon at a good hawk-watch, and I'll show you a dog that doesn't like cheese. -- Greg Niese, North American Birding Hawks at a Distance provides a great way to look at shape and form of raptors, and not just plumage. . . . Hawks at a Distance is for all birders, not just hawk aficionados. The ability to identify hawks at a distance is crucial to all bird counts and to all birding situations. -- dfreak.com Liguori's innovation is to show these magnificent birds as you most often actually see them--in flight and at a distance. He does show one close-up shot of most of the species, but he follows that with many shots of the bird in action from different angles. Studying these excellent pictures gives one a sense of the shape of the bird, which is one of the most indicative traits for identification, and it allows you to see those obvious field marks that might actually be seen from a great distance. -- The Nature of Things If you have any interest in hawk watching you need this book. . . . It truly is a revolutionary guide and will certainly be a tool for teaching many a hawk watcher in the coming years. I would tell even the most seasoned of birders to add this to their collection. . . . [It] will surely be one of, if not the most influential hawk watching guide ever. -- Utah Birders Certainly a book for aspiring as well as veteran hawk-watchers. -- Rosyfinch Ramblings All-in-all, this book is a must have for any hawk watcher or any birder that wants to learn more about hawk identification. I am in love with the book and haven't been able to put it down for a few weeks now. I would recommend that you use this book in combination with Jerry Liguori's first book, Hawks from Every Angle. These two books are, and will be for quite some time, the bibles of hawk watching. -- Drew Weber, Nemesis Bird Concise and easy to follow. . . . Will be an invaluable tool if you are a hawk watcher. -- Birds from Behind I heartily recommend this book to North American raptor enthusiasts, but also to anyone with a general interest in raptors, but especially for birders planning a birding trip to North America where it will sit happily in a pocket or rucksack next to a less specific field guide. -- Phil Slade, Another Bird Blog An intriguing concept--take a few hundred of the most distant, silhouetted, weird angle photos and combine them into a field guide. . . . Very useful to raptor enthusiasts and hawk counters! -- istian Artuso A useful tool that would be a welcome addition to any birders library. -- Scott Arvin, The Cardinal This book certainly gives a new perspective, and hope, to viewing those 'too-far-to-identify' raptors. The raptor enthusiast and the avid birder who's always trying to expand his knowledge of advanced identification tips will appreciate this book. -- Avian Review For anyone that spends time at our local hawkwatch at Lighthouse Point, this latest book from author and photographer Jerry Liguori, entitled Hawks at a Distance is a must-have! -- Naturescape Images Liguori's new book gives the would-be hawkwatcher a head start, significantly closing the gap between rookie and expert with his simple and comprehensive approach. . . . Hawkwatchers are going to be the primary audience for this book, but anyone interested in pushing the physical boundaries of their bird identification to the horizon should pick it up. You won't be disappointed. -- The Drinking Bird If you love raptors Liguori's new book will be an essential tool in advancing your identification skills -- Sierra Activist This follow-up to Hawks from Every Angle is jam-packed with all aspects of in-flight hawk identification tips. -- Nina Harfmann, Nature Remains Hawks at a Distance: Identification of Migrant Raptors by Jerry Liguori is an exceptional book. I have always wanted to become better at raptor identification and Liguori hit the nail on the head for me with this book. . . . If you want to progress to the next level of birding I think Hawks at a Distance will help you along. -- Flying Mullet [The guide] uses digital photography to present the birds as we might see them in real life. Liguori focuses on twenty-nine species of raptor, depicting their flight patterns and the color of their plumage as it varies with background light; there's also a very useful series of images in black and white of the raptors from various angles. -- Fannie Peczenik, Pittsburgh Bird Watching Examiner

"A must-have for raptor people!"--Ian Paulsen, Birdbooker Report

"Possibly the best-ever raptor identification guide in print. . . . If you are serious about identifying birds of prey, whether at a hawk-watch site, or during your everyday birding, the advances made by the author with this book can assist you in achieving that goal in ways few books have done previously. . . . Highly recommended."--William P. Mueller, Bluebird's Laugh

"Hawks at a Distance is an advanced study written by an authority in raptors. Mr. Liguori's book is great to be read with attention and what you learn you will treasure greatly if you are an active birder."--H.J. Ruiz, My Backyard Visitors

"This is an absolute 'must have' for anyone who has ever even briefly wondered, 'What kind of hawk was that?' . . . Practical and beautiful. . . . If you have even the slightest interest in birds, you should own this book."--Alan Speakman, eBirdseed.com

"Jerry Liguori has found a way to communicate to birders of all ages and skill levels how he can identify hawks at a distance. He provides us with a study tool that is the next best thing to being with him atop a ridge near a hawk flyway. . . . By putting in the work to study these photos and internalizing the helpful text explaining what is shown in each photo, you would be ready to join a hawk-watch group and dazzle them with your advanced skills."--Robert Mortensen, Birding is Fun

"This book has a lot to offer hawk watchers of all levels of experience."--A Charm of Finches

"Hawks at a Distance is a neat little book and valuable reference."--Angus Wilson, OceanWanderers Book Shelf

"A remarkable and important field guide."--Greg Laden, Science blogs

"Every birder with an interest in hawks should own this book. And really, what birder isn't interested in hawks? Show me a birder that doesn't enjoy an afternoon at a good hawk-watch, and I'll show you a dog that doesn't like cheese."--Greg Niese, North American Birding

"Hawks at a Distance provides a great way to look at shape and form of raptors, and not just plumage. . . . Hawks at a Distance is for all birders, not just hawk aficionados. The ability to identify hawks at a distance is crucial to all bird counts and to all birding situations."--Birdfreak.com

"Liguori's innovation is to show these magnificent birds as you most often actually see them--in flight and at a distance. He does show one close-up shot of most of the species, but he follows that with many shots of the bird in action from different angles. Studying these excellent pictures gives one a sense of the shape of the bird, which is one of the most indicative traits for identification, and it allows you to see those obvious field marks that might actually be seen from a great distance."--The Nature of Things

"If you have any interest in hawk watching you need this book. . . . It truly is a revolutionary guide and will certainly be a tool for teaching many a hawk watcher in the coming years. I would tell even the most seasoned of birders to add this to their collection. . . . [It] will surely be one of, if not the most influential hawk watching guide ever."--Utah Birders

"Certainly a book for aspiring as well as veteran hawk-watchers."--Rosyfinch Ramblings

"All-in-all, this book is a must have for any hawk watcher or any birder that wants to learn more about hawk identification. I am in love with the book and haven't been able to put it down for a few weeks now. I would recommend that you use this book in combination with Jerry Liguori's first book, Hawks from Every Angle. These two books are, and will be for quite some time, the bibles of hawk watching."--Drew Weber, Nemesis Bird

"Concise and easy to follow. . . . Will be an invaluable tool if you are a hawk watcher."--Birds from Behind

"I heartily recommend this book to North American raptor enthusiasts, but also to anyone with a general interest in raptors, but especially for birders planning a birding trip to North America where it will sit happily in a pocket or rucksack next to a less specific field guide."--Phil Slade, Another Bird Blog

"An intriguing concept--take a few hundred of the most distant, silhouetted, weird angle photos and combine them into a field guide. . . . Very useful to raptor enthusiasts and hawk counters!"--Christian Artuso

"A useful tool that would be a welcome addition to any birders library."--Scott Arvin, The Cardinal, Indiana Audubon Society

"For anyone that spends time at our local hawkwatch at Lighthouse Point, this latest book from author and photographer Jerry Liguori, entitled Hawks at a Distance is a must-have!"--Naturescape Images

"Liguori's new book gives the would-be hawkwatcher a head start, significantly closing the gap between rookie and expert with his simple and comprehensive approach. . . . Hawkwatchers are going to be the primary audience for this book, but anyone interested in pushing the physical boundaries of their bird identification to the horizon should pick it up. You won't be disappointed."--The Drinking Bird

"If you love raptors Liguori's new book will be an essential tool in advancing your identification skills"--Sierra Activist

"This follow-up to Hawks from Every Angle is jam-packed with all aspects of in-flight hawk identification tips."--Nina Harfmann, Nature Remains

"Hawks at a Distance: Identification of Migrant Raptors by Jerry Liguori is an exceptional book. I have always wanted to become better at raptor identification and Liguori hit the nail on the head for me with this book. . . . If you want to progress to the next level of birding I think Hawks at a Distance will help you along."--Flying Mullet

"[The guide] uses digital photography to present the birds as we might see them in real life. Liguori focuses on twenty-nine species of raptor, depicting their flight patterns and the color of their plumage as it varies with background light; there's also a very useful series of images in black and white of the raptors from various angles."--Fannie Peczenik, Pittsburgh Bird Watching Examiner

"Raptor fans, and especially anyone who spends time at hawk watches, will definitely want a copy of Liguori's Hawks at a Distance. It's quite simply the best guide to hawks at, well, a distance. [It will] be useful to any birder due to its different approach and the encouragement it gives to push the limits of our identification skills to the horizon (literally)."--Grant McCreary, Birder's Library

"You not only get a series of very small images--just what you'd see with your binoculars trained on the high flyer, but also a good close image too. Between the two you can see how the ID features are likely to seem in the field and learn how to do without the close up and make a pretty good stab at what that bird is kettling up to the heavens."--Fat Birder

"If you love hawk watching and want to get beyond accipiter vs. buteo, then you should definitely look at Hawks at a Distance."--Anne Hanley, Trumpter

"Hawks at a Distance does a better job of putting names to those dots over the next ridge than anything else that's out there."--Ned Keller, The Cerulean

"Considerable forethought took place at the conception of the idea for this book, because it is easy to read and to understand, making it a viable resource for the beginner and the experienced birder alike."--KaHolly Blog

"This book helps me understand raptors in ways I never thought possible. . . . Liguori's knowledge and skill of identifying raptors is simply unsurpassed. His ability to tie together actual knowledge with photos makes for both an informative and yet concise book."--Cory Gregory's Birding Blog

"Birders schooled in the old 'field marks' method of bird identification will find Liguori's Hawks at a Distance startling--and ultimately, I think, revelatory."--Rick Wright, ABA blog

"For those of you wishing to push your hawk-watching skills to new levels, grab your binoculars and get a copy as soon as you can!"--Digiscoping Blog

"Hawks at a Distance offers bird watchers of all experience levels the opportunity to learn a skill that has long been considered a prized specialty. Extensive color photographs supplemented with black-and-white illustrated shape charts depict the various raptors commonly found in the U.S. and Canada in a host of flight positions. By presenting these with detailed descriptions of flight patterns and aerial habits, Liguori has created what is quite likely the definitive book on the subject presently in print."--John Riutta, Bird Watcher's Digest

"This slim volume is an excellent addition to any library, but will be particularly welcomed by bird watchers wishing to improve their identification skills. . . . Hawk watchers along migration corridors will certainly take this guide to their favorite hawk-watch station. But other bird watchers should consider adding it to their collection, where it will get much use."--Choice

"The beauty of Hawks at a Distance is that you can drill down through the different levels of text, taking in as much detail as you can handle at your level. . . . All in all, this is an excellent, compact guide that nicely complements Hawks From Every Angle."--Donna Lynn Schulman, 10,000 Birds blog

"The book is essentially pages and pages of photos of small birds against a bright sky, but after looking at it for a while they begin to start looking different from one another. This book is indispensible for your next hawk-watching outing." --Kirby Adams, National Park Traveler

A must-have for raptor people! Audubon Magazine

Hawks at a Distance is a neat little book and valuable reference. A Charm of Finches

A remarkable and important field guide. Angus Wilson - OceanWanderers Book Shelf

Certainly a book for aspiring as well as veteran hawk-watchers. Utah Birders

A useful tool that would be a welcome addition to any birders library. istian Artuso

This follow-up to Hawks from Every Angle is jam-packed with all aspects of in-flight hawk identification tips. Sierra Activist

"[An] excellent guide. . . . [T]he text is to the point and littered with little nuggets of useful information that, from my experience, only years in the field would elicit."--Luke Tiller, Birdwatch

"Study Jerry Liguori's excellent book, Hawks at a Distance, with its hundreds of photos of raptors in flight. I've found this book to be very helpful in providing identification clues."--Val Cunningham, Star Tribune

The ultimate must-have guide for identifying migrant raptors, Hawks at a Distance is the first volume to focus on distant raptors as they are truly seen in the field. Jerry Liguori, a leading expert on North American raptors, factors in new information and approaches for identifying twenty-nine species of raptor in various lighting situations and settings. The field guide's nineteen full-color portraits, 558 color photos, and 896 black-and-white images portray shapes and plumages for each species from all angles. Useful flight identification criteria are provided and the accompanying text discusses all aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior. Concentrating on features that are genuinely observable at a distance, this concise and practical field guide is ideal for any aspiring or experienced hawk enthusiast.

• The first guide to focus on distant raptors as they are viewed in the field
• New information and approaches for identifying distant raptors
• Illustrates twenty-nine species in various lighting situations and settings
• 558 color photos and 896 black-and-white images depicting plumage and shape characteristics
• All aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior

The ultimate must-have guide for identifying migrant raptors, Hawks at a Distance is the first volume to focus on distant raptors as they are truly seen in the field. Jerry Liguori, a leading expert on North American raptors, factors in new information and approaches for identifying twenty-nine species of raptor in various lighting situations and settings. The field guide's nineteen full-color portraits, 558 color photos, and 896 black-and-white images portray shapes and plumages for each species from all angles. Useful flight identification criteria are provided and the accompanying text discusses all aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior. Concentrating on features that are genuinely observable at a distance, this concise and practical field guide is ideal for any aspiring or experienced hawk enthusiast.

• The first guide to focus on distant raptors as they are viewed in the field
• New information and approaches for identifying distant raptors
• Illustrates twenty-nine species in various lighting situations and settings
• 558 color photos and 896 black-and-white images depicting plumage and shape characteristics
• All aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior

"Jerry Liguori's book takes the hawk identification guide to a whole new level. It is hard to imagine the amount of time that went into this book--countless hours on mountaintops and other hawk-watching sites taking the photographs, then selecting and arranging them. The result is simply the best collection of hawk ID photos ever assembled, combined with Liguori's clear and concise identification tips. This book is a gold mine of information for anyone interested in hawk identification."--David Sibley, author of The Sibley Guide to Birds

"Liguori has done it again. Fresh on the heels of his highly acclaimed Hawks from Every Angle, we now have the new Hawks at a Distance. He never missed a beat. Not only did he pick up where he left off, he has taken it to a higher plane. This twenty-first-century offering does for raptors what the seminal Ducks at a Distance did for waterfowl in the mid-twentieth century. It makes a quantum leap in the complex art and science of hawk identification, taming these shape-shifters like never before."--Clay Sutton, coauthor of Hawks in Flight

"Jerry Liguori presents an innovative concept tackling the age-old problem of identifying flying raptors when seen under field-viewing conditions. Optimal grasp of each species and age class is obtained with a multitude of photographs depicting various flight modes and lighting conditions of dorsal, ventral, and head-on views. The concise text is easy to read and very informative. Liguori's field identification prowess is impeccable and is articulated throughout this guide."--Brian K. Wheeler, author of Raptors of Western North America and Raptors of Eastern North America

"Finally a raptor identification guide that depicts hawks the way you are likely to see them--at a distance! Liguori's unique approach to raptor identification will help birders quickly focus on the field marks that matter, to understand broad plumage patterns, and ultimately extend their reach and abilities as hawk-watchers. This guide is an absolute must for anyone interested in raptors, and will become an instant classic among hawk-watching enthusiasts."--Brian Sullivan, eBird project leader, Cornell Lab of Ornithology

"This book is a winner. The spectacular, cutting-edge photos effectively highlight important aspects of raptors in flight and are simply mind-boggling. This is the one guide that almost everyone will take to the field."--Keith Bildstein, Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary

"Clear and concise, I found all the information presented in this book to be accurate and accessible for both neophyte and more experienced hawk-watchers. I congratulate the author for coming up with such wonderfully illustrative photographs."--Tony Leukering, senior ornithologist, Geo-Marine Inc.

The ultimate must-have guide for identifying migrant raptors, Hawks at a Distance is the first volume to focus on distant raptors as they are truly seen in the field. Jerry Liguori, a leading expert on North American raptors, factors in new information and approaches for identifying twenty-nine species of raptor in various lighting situations and settings. The field guide's nineteen full-color portraits, 558 color photos, and 896 black-and-white images portray shapes and plumages for each species from all angles. Useful flight identification criteria are provided and the accompanying text discusses all aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior. Concentrating on features that are genuinely observable at a distance, this concise and practical field guide is ideal for any aspiring or experienced hawk enthusiast.

• The first guide to focus on distant raptors as they are viewed in the field
• New information and approaches for identifying distant raptors
• Illustrates twenty-nine species in various lighting situations and settings
• 558 color photos and 896 black-and-white images depicting plumage and shape characteristics
• All aspects of in-flight hawk identification, including flight style and behavior

"Jerry Liguori's book takes the hawk identification guide to a whole new level. It is hard to imagine the amount of time that went into this book--countless hours on mountaintops and other hawk-watching sites taking the photographs, then selecting and arranging them. The result is simply the best collection of hawk ID photos ever assembled, combined with Liguori's clear and concise identification tips. This book is a gold mine of information for anyone interested in hawk identification."--David Sibley, author of The Sibley Guide to Birds

"Liguori has done it again. Fresh on the heels of his highly acclaimed Hawks from Every Angle, we now have the new Hawks at a Distance. He never missed a beat. Not only did he pick up where he left off, he has taken it to a higher plane. This twenty-first-century offering does for raptors what the seminal Ducks at a Distance did for waterfowl in the mid-twentieth century. It makes a quantum leap in the complex art and science of hawk identification, taming these shape-shifters like never before."--Clay Sutton, coauthor of Hawks in Flight

"Jerry Liguori presents an innovative concept tackling the age-old problem of identifying flying raptors when seen under field-viewing conditions. Optimal grasp of each species and age class is obtained with a multitude of photographs depicting various flight modes and lighting conditions of dorsal, ventral, and head-on views. The concise text is easy to read and very informative. Liguori's field identification prowess is impeccable and is articulated throughout this guide."--Brian K. Wheeler, author of Raptors of Western North America and Raptors of Eastern North America

"Finally a raptor identification guide that depicts hawks the way you are likely to see them--at a distance! Liguori's unique approach to raptor identification will help birders quickly focus on the field marks that matter, to understand broad plumage patterns, and ultimately extend their reach and abilities as hawk-watchers. This guide is an absolute must for anyone interested in raptors, and will become an instant classic among hawk-watching enthusiasts."--Brian Sullivan, eBird project leader, Cornell Lab of Ornithology

"This book is a winner. The spectacular, cutting-edge photos effectively highlight important aspects of raptors in flight and are simply mind-boggling. This is the one guide that almost everyone will take to the field."--Keith Bildstein, Sarkis Acopian Director of Conservation Science, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary

"Clear and concise, I found all the information presented in this book to be accurate and accessible for both neophyte and more experienced hawk-watchers. I congratulate the author for coming up with such wonderfully illustrative photographs."--Tony Leukering, senior ornithologist, Geo-Marine Inc.

Jerry Liguori has been studying raptors throughout North America since 1984. He has conducted hawk migration counts at spring and fall migration sites, such as Cape May Point, Sandy Hook, Derby Hill, Braddock Bay, Whitefish Point, and Dinosaur Ridge, and the Goshute, Wasatch, and Sandia mountains. He is the author of "Hawks from Every Angle" (Princeton).

Foreword by Pete Dunne ix

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xiii

Introduction 1

How to Use This Book 1

Terminology 2

Glossary 3

Hawk Migration 4

Helpful Hints 4

Anatomy 5

Flight Positions 6

Hawk Counting 8

Optics for Hawk Watching 8

Photography 9

Accipiters 14

Sharp-shinned Hawk 17

Cooper's Hawk 25

Northern Goshawk 31

Northern Harrier 37

Buteos 44

Red-shouldered Hawk 47

Broad-winged Hawk 51

Swainson's Hawk 59

Red-tailed Hawk 67

Ferruginous Hawk 83

Rough-legged Hawk 91

Falcons 101

American Kestrel 103

Merlin 109

Peregrine Falcon 115

Prairie Falcon 121

Gyrfalcon 124

Vultures, Osprey, Eagles 127

Black Vulture 127

Turkey Vulture 131

Osprey 135

Bald Eagle 137

Golden Eagle 147

Uncommon Migrants and Others 157

California Condor 157

Mississippi Kite 159

White-tailed Kite 159

Swallow-tailed Kite 162

Hook-billed Kite 162

Crested Caracara 163

Short-tailed Hawk 166

White-tailed Hawk 167

Zone-tailed Hawk 169

Shapes 171

Photo Credits 191

Bibliography 192

Index 193