- Thoughtfully revised layout: Keeps important derivations and arguments on facing pages, so that students don't have to turn back and forth. Throughout, readers experience an important slice of physics clearly and easily. - New Chapter Opening Questions (COQs): Multiple-choice, conceptual questions added at the beginning of each chapter that immediately engage students with key chapter concepts and explore common misconceptions. Ask students to revisit the COQs later in the Chapter, as an Exercise, to see if their answers have changed. Answers are given at the end of the Chapter. - New Approach steps added to Worked Examples: Help students understand the reasoning behind the method used to solve the problem and answer their questions of how/where do I start? - New Note Sections in worked Examples: Remark on the solution itself, mention an application, or give an alternate approach to solving the problem. Added to many worked Examples after the Solution. - Estimation Examples: Help students develop skills for making order-of-magnitude estimates, even when data is scarce, or when they might never have guessed any result was possible. - New Exercises throughout: Give students a chance to check their understanding through practice before they proceed to other topics. Answers are given at the end of the chapter. - New Caution marginal notes: Warn students of common mistakes/misconceptions about the topic at hand. - Updated Vector Notation: Now uses arrows & carets over bold face letters to denote a vector, in text and in art. Provides consistency with the way students write them in homework and the way professors write them on the board. - New, optional Computer/Numerical Problemsat the end of most chapters: Require a numerical solution, with a computer, spreadsheet, or programmable calculator needed to do the sums. Are often level III Problems.
This package contains the following components: 0132274000: Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, Vol. 3 (Chs 36-44) 013227325X: Student Study Guide & Selected Solutions Manual for Physics for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics Vols. 2 & 3 (Chs.21-44) 0132273594: Physics for Scientists & Engineers Vol. 2 (Chs 21-35) 013613923X: Physics for Scientists & Engineers Vol. 1 (Chs 1-20) with MasteringPhysics™ 0132273241: Student Study Guide and Selected Solutions Manual for Scientists & Engineers with Modern Physics, Vol. 1
APPLICATIONS LIST xii
PREFACE xiv
AVAILABLE SUPPLEMENTS AND MEDIA xxii
NOTES TO STUDENTS (AND INSTRUCTORS) ON THE FORMAT xxiv
COLOR USE: VECTORS, FIELDS, AND SYMBOLS xxv
1 INTRODUCTION, MEASUREMENT,1 ESTIMATING 1
1–1 The Nature of Science 2
1–2 Models, Theories, and Laws 2
1–3 Measurement and Uncertainty; Significant Figures 3
1–4 Units, Standards, and the SI System 6
1–5 Converting Units 8
1–6 Order of Magnitude: Rapid Estimating 9
*1–7 Dimensions and Dimensional Analysis 12
SUMMARY 14
QUESTIONS 14
PROBLEMS 14
GENERAL PROBLEMS 16
2 DESCRIBING MOTION: KINEMATICS2 IN ONE DIMENSION 18
2–1 Reference Frames and Displacement 19
2–2 Average Velocity 20
2–3 Instantaneous Velocity 22
2–4 Acceleration 24
2–5 Motion at Constant Acceleration 28
2–6 Solving Problems 30
2–7 Freely Falling Objects 34
*2–8 Variable Acceleration; Integral Calculus 39
*2–9 Graphical Analysis and Numerical Integration 40
SUMMARY 43
QUESTIONS 43
PROBLEMS 44
GENERAL PROBLEMS 48
3 KINEMATICS IN TWO OR THREE3 DIMENSIONS; VECTORS 51
3–1 Vectors and Scalars 52
3–2 Addition of Vectors—Graphical Methods 52
3–3 Subtraction of Vectors, and Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 54
3–4 Adding Vectors by Components 55
3–5 Unit Vectors 59
3–6 Vector Kinematics 59
3–7 Projectile Motion 62
3–8 Solving Problems Involving Projectile Motion 64
3–9 Relative Velocity 71
SUMMARY 74
QUESTIONS 75
PROBLEMS 75
GENERAL PROBLEMS 80
4 DYNAMICS: NEWTON’S LAWS4 OF MOTION 83
4–1 Force 84
4–2 Newton’s First Law of Motion 84
4–3 Mass 86
4–4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 86
4–5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 89
4–6 Weight—the Force of Gravity; and the Normal Force 92
4–7 Solving Problems with Newton’s Laws: Free-Body Diagrams 95
4–8 Problem Solving—A General Approach 102
SUMMARY 102
QUESTIONS 103
PROBLEMS 104
GENERAL PROBLEMS 109
5 USING NEWTON’S LAWS:5 FRICTION, CIRCULAR MOTION, DRAG FORCES 112
5–1 Applications of Newton’s Laws Involving Friction 113
5–2 Uniform Circular Motion—Kinematics 119
5–3 Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion 122
5–4 Highway Curves: Banked and Unbanked 126
*5–5 Nonuniform Circular Motion 128
*5–6 Velocity-Dependent Forces: Drag and Terminal Velocity 129
SUMMARY 130
QUESTIONS 131
PROBLEMS 132
GENERAL PROBLEMS 136
6 GRAVITATION AND NEWTON’S6 SYNTHESIS 139
6–1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 140
6–2 Vector Form of Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation 143
6–3 Gravity Near the Earth’s Surface; Geophysical Applications 143
6–4 Satellites and “Weightlessness” 146
6–5 Kepler’s Laws and Newton’s Synthesis 149
*6–6 Gravitational Field 154
6–7 Types of Forces in Nature 155
*6–8 Principle of Equivalence; Curvature of Space; Black Holes 155
SUMMARY 157
QUESTIONS 157
PROBLEMS 158
GENERAL PROBLEMS 160
7 WORK AND ENERGY 163
7–1 Work Done by a Constant Force 164
7–2 Scalar Product of Two Vectors 167
7–3 Work Done by a Varying Force 168
7–4 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Principle 172
SUMMARY 176
QUESTIONS 177
PROBLEMS 177
GENERAL PROBLEMS 180
8 CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 183
8–1 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces 184
8–2 Potential Energy 186
8–3 Mechanical Energy and Its Conservation 189
8–4 Problem Solving Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy 190
8–5 The Law of Conservation of Energy 196
8–6 Energy Conservation with Dissipative Forces: Solving Problems 197
8–7 Gravitational Potential Energy and Escape Velocity 199
8–8 Power 201
*8–9 Potential Energy Diagrams; Stable and Unstable Equilibrium 204
SUMMARY 205
QUESTIONS 205
PROBLEMS 207
GENERAL PROBLEMS 211
9 LINEAR MOMENTUM 214
9–1 Momentum and Its Relation to Force 215
9–2 Conservation of Momentum 217
9–3 Collisions and Impulse 220
9–4 Conservation of Energy and Momentum in Collisions 222
9–5 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension 222
9–6 Inelastic Collisions 225
9–7 Collisions in Two or Three Dimensions 227
9–8 Center of Mass (CM) 230
9–9 Center of Mass and Translational Motion 234
*9–10 Systems of Variable Mass; Rocket Propulsion 236
SUMMARY 239
QUESTIONS 239
PROBLEMS 240
GENERAL PROBLEMS 245
10 ROTATIONAL MOTION 248
10–1 Angular Quantities 249
10–2 Vector Nature of Angular Quantities 254
10–3 Constant Angular Acceleration 255
10–4 Torque 256
10–5 Rotational Dynamics; Torque and Rotational Inertia 258
10–6 Solving Problems in Rotational Dynamics 260
10–7 Determining Moments of Inertia 263
10–8 Rotational Kinetic Energy 265
10–9 Rotational Plus Translational Motion; Rolling 267
*10–10 Why Does a Rolling Sphere Slow Down? 273
SUMMARY 274
QUESTIONS 275
PROBLEMS 276
GENERAL PROBLEMS 281
11 ANGULAR MOMENTUM; GENERAL ROTATION 284
11–1 Angular Momentum—Object Rotating About a Fixed Axis 285
11–2 Vector Cross Product; Torque as a Vector 289
11–3 Angular Momentum of a Particle 291
11–4 Angular Momentum and Torque for a System of Particles; General Motion 292
11–5 Angular Momentum and Torque for a Rigid Object 294
11–6 Conservation of Angular Momentum 297
*11–7 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope 299
*11–8 Rotating Frames of Reference; Inertial Forces 300
*11–9 The Coriolis Effect 301
SUMMARY 302
QUESTIONS 303
PROBLEMS 303
GENERAL PROBLEMS 308
12 STATIC EQUILIBRIUM; ELASTICITY AND FRACTURE 311
12–1 The Conditions for Equilibrium 312
12–2 Solving Statics Problems 313
12–3 Stability and Balance 317
12–4 Elasticity; Stress and Strain 318
12–5 Fracture 322
*12–6 Trusses and Bridges 324
*12–7 Arches and Domes 327
SUMMARY 329
QUESTIONS 329
PROBLEMS 330
GENERAL PROBLEMS 334
13 FLUIDS 339
13–1 Phases of Matter 340
13–2 Density and Specific Gravity 340
13–3 Pressure in Fluids 341
13–4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure 345
13–5 Pascal’s Principle 346
13–6 Measurement of Pressure; Gauges and the Barometer 346
13–7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle 348
13–8 Fluids in Motion; Flow Rate and the Equation of Continuity 352
13–9 Bernoulli’s Equation 354
13–10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle: Torricelli, Airplanes, Baseballs, TIA 356
*13–11 Viscosity 358
*13–12 Flow in Tubes: Poiseuille’s Equation, Blood Flow 358
*13–13 Surface Tension and Capillarity 359
*13–14 Pumps, and the Heart 361
SUMMARY 361
QUESTIONS 362
PROBLEMS 363
GENERAL PROBLEMS 367
14 OSCILLATIONS 369
14–1 Oscillations of a Spring 370
14–2 Simple Harmonic Motion 372
14–3 Energy in the Simple Harmonic Oscillator 377
14–4 Simple Harmonic Motion Related to Uniform Circular Motion 379
14–5 The Simple Pendulum 379
*14–6 The Physical Pendulum and the Torsion Pendulum 381
14–7 Damped Harmonic Motion 382
14–8 Forced Oscillations; Resonance 385
SUMMARY 387
QUESTIONS 388
PROBLEMS 388
GENERAL PROBLEMS 393
15 WAVE MOTION 396
15–1 Characteristics of Wave Motion 397
15–2 Types of Waves: Transverse and Longitudinal 398
15–3 Energy Transported by Waves 403
15–4 Mathematical Representation of a Traveling Wave 405
*15–5 The Wave Equation 407
15–6 The Principle of Superposition 409
15–7 Reflection and Transmission 410
15–8 Interference 412
15–9 Standing Waves; Resonance 413
*15–10 Refraction 416
*15–11 Diffraction 418
SUMMARY 419
QUESTIONS 419 PROBLEMS 420 GENERAL PROBLEMS 424
16 SOUND 426
16–1 Characteristics of Sound 427
16–2 Mathematical Representation of Longitudinal Waves 428
16–3 Intensity of Sound: Decibels 429
16–4 Sources of Sound: Vibrating Strings and Air Columns 433
*16–5 Quality of Sound, and Noise; Superposition 438
16–6 Interference of Sound Waves; Beats 439
16–7 Doppler Effect 441
*16–8 Shock Waves and the Sonic Boom 445
*16–9 Applications: Sonar, Ultrasound, and Medical Imaging 446
SUMMARY 448
QUESTIONS 449
PROBLEMS 450
GENERAL PROBLEMS 453
17 TEMPERATURE, THERMAL EXPANSION, AND THE IDEAL GAS LAW 456
17–1 Atomic Theory of Matter 457
17–2 Temperature and Thermometers 458
17–3 Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 461
17–4 Thermal Expansion 461
*17–5 Thermal Stresses 464
17–6 The Gas Laws and Absolute Temperature 465
17–7 The Ideal Gas Law 467
17–8 Problem Solving with the Ideal Gas Law 468
17–9 Ideal Gas Law in Terms of Molecules: Avogadro’s Number 470
*17–10 Ideal Gas Temperature Scale—a Standard 471
SUMMARY 472
QUESTIONS 473
PROBLEMS 473
GENERAL PROBLEMS 476
18 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 478
18–1 The Ideal Gas Law and the Molecular Interpretation of Temperature 478
18–2 Distribution of Molecular Speeds 482
18–3 Real Gases and Changes of Phase 484
18–4 Vapor Pressure and Humidity 486
*18–5 Van der Waals Equation of State 488
*18–6 Mean Free Path 489
*18–7 Diffusion 491
SUMMARY 492
QUESTIONS 493
PROBLEMS 494
GENERAL PROBLEMS 496
19 HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 498
19–1 Heat as Energy Transfer 499
19–2 Internal Energy 500
19–3 Specific Heat 501
19–4 Calorimetry—Solving Problems 502
19–5 Latent Heat 504
19–6 The First Law of Thermodynamics 507
19–7 Applying the First Law of Thermodynamics; Calculating the Work 509
19–8 Molar Specific Heats for Gases, and the Equipartition of Energy 513
19–9 Adiabatic Expansion of a Gas 516
19–10 Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, Radiation 517
SUMMARY 522
QUESTIONS 523
PROBLEMS 524
GENERAL PROBLEMS 528
20 SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 530
20–1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics—Introduction 531
20–2 Heat Engines 532
20–3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes; the Carnot Engine 535
20–4 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps 538
20–5 Entropy 541
20–6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 543
20–7 Order to Disorder 546
20–8 Unavailability of Energy; Heat Death 547
*20–9 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law 548
*20–10 Thermodynamic Temperature Scale; Absolute Zero and the Third Law of Thermodynamics 550
*20–11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, and Energy Resources 551
SUMMARY 554
QUESTIONS 554
PROBLEMS 555
GENERAL PROBLEMS 559