When first published in 1996, this text by David Johns and Kenneth Martin quickly became a leading textbook for the advanced course on Analog IC Design. This new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated by Tony Chan Carusone, a University of Toronto colleague of Drs. Johns and Martin. Dr. Chan Carusone is a specialist in analog and digital IC design in communications and signal processing. This edition features extensive new material on CMOS IC device modeling, processing and layout. Coverage has been added on several types of circuits that have increased in importance in the past decade, such as generalized integer-N phase locked loops and their phase noise analysis, voltage regulators, and 1.5b-per-stage pipelined A/D converters. Two new chapters have been added to make the book more accessible to beginners in the field: frequency response of analog ICs; and basic theory of feedback amplifiers.
CHAPTER 1 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT DEVICES AND MODELLING 11.1 Semiconductors and pn Junctions 1
1.2 MOS Transistors 14
1.3 Device Model Summary 38
1.4 Advanced MOS Modelling 42
1.5 SPICE Modelling Parameters 50
1.6 Passive Devices 54
1.7 Appendix 60
1.8 Key Points 68
1.9 References 69
1.10 Problems 69
Summary 70
Modelling Parameters 71
1.10.4 Section 1.6: Passive Devices 71
CHAPTER 2 PROCESSING AND LAYOUT 73
2.1 CMOS Processing 73
2.2 CMOS Layout and Design Rules 86
2.3 Variability 97
2.4 Analog Layout Considerations 104
2.5 Key Points 114
2.6 References 115
2.7 Problems 116
CHAPTER 3 BASIC CURRENT MIRRORS AND SINGLE-STAGE AMPLIFIERS 119
3.1 Simple CMOS Current Mirror 120
3.2 Common-Source Amplifier 122
3.3 Source-Follower or Common-Drain Amplifier 124
3.4 Common-Gate Amplifier 126
3.5 Source-Degenerated Current Mirrors 129
3.6 Cascode Current Mirrors 131
3.7 Cascode Gain Stage 137
3.8 MOS Differential Pair and Gain Stage 137
3.9 Key Points 140
3.10 References 141
3.11 Problems 141
CHAPTER 4 FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 146
4.1 Frequency Response of Linear Systems 146
4.2 Frequency Response of Elementary Transistor Circuits 167
4.3 Cascode Gain Stage 183
4.4 Source-Follower Amplifier 190
4.5 Differential Pair 196
4.6 Key Points 200
4.7 References 201
4.8 Problems 201
CHAPTER 5 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 207
5.1 Ideal Model of Negative Feedback 207
5.2 Dynamic Response of Feedback Amplifiers 211
5.3 First- and Second-Order Feedback Systems 216
5.4 Common Feedback Amplifiers 224
5.5 Summary of Key Points 239
5.6 References 240
5.7 Problems 240
CHAPTER 6 BASIC OPAMP DESIGN AND COMPENSATION 246
6.1 Two-Stage CMOS Opamp 246
6.2 Opamp Compensation 258
6.3 Advanced Current Mirrors 265
6.4 Folded-Cascode Opamp 272
6.5 Current Mirror Opamp 279
6.6 Linear Settling Time Revisited 283
6.7 Fully Differential Opamps 285
6.8 Common-Mode Feedback Circuits 291
6.9 Summary of Key Points 295
6.10 References 296
6.11 Problems 297
CHAPTER 7 BIASING, REFERENCES, AND REGULATORS 305
7.1 Analog Integrated Circuit Biasing 305
7.2 Establishing Constant Transconductance 310
7.3 Establishing Constant Voltages and Currents 313
7.4 Voltage Regulation 324
7.5 Summary of Key Points 330
7.6 References 330
7.7 Problems 331
CHAPTER 8 BIPOLAR DEVICES AND CIRCUITS 334
8.1 Bipolar-Junction Transistors 334
8.4 Bipolar and BICMOS Processing 349
8.4.1 Bipolar Processing 349
8.5 Bipolar Current Mirrors and Gain Stages 352
8.6 Appendix 359
8.7 Summary of Key Points 362
8.8 References 363
8.9 Problems 363
CHAPTER 9 NOISE AND LINEARITY ANALYSIS AND MODELLING 367
9.1 Time-Domain Analysis 367
9.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis 371
9.3 Noise Models for Circuit Elements 381
9.3.8 Input-Referred Noise 388
9.4 Noise Analysis Examples 391
9.5 Dynamic Range Performance 401
9.6 Key Points 408
9.7 References 409
9.8 Problems 410
CHAPTER 10 COMPARATORS 417
10.1 Comparator Specifications 417
10.2 Using an Opamp for a Comparator 419
10.3 Charge-Injection Errors 422
10.4 Latched Comparators 430
10.5 Examples of CMOS and BiCMOS Comparators 435
10.6 Examples of Bipolar Comparators 441
10.7 Key Points 443
10.8 References 444
10.9 Problems 444
CHAPTER 11 SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AND TRANSLINEAR CIRCUITS 448
11.1 Performance of Sample-and-Hold Circuits 448
11.2 MOS Sample-and-Hold Basics 450
11.3 Examples of CMOS S/H Circuits 456
11.4 Bipolar and BiCMOS Sample and Holds 460
11.5 Translinear Gain Cell 464
11.6 Translinear Multiplier 466
11.7 Key Points 468
11.8 References 469
11.9 Problems 470
CHAPTER 12 CONTINUOUS-TIME FILTERS 473
12.1 Introduction to Continuous-Time Filters 473
12.2 Introduction to Gm-C Filters 475
12.3 Transconductors using Fixed Resistors 483
12.5 CMOS Transconductors Using Active Transistors 497
12.6 Bipolar Transconductors 504
12.7 BiCMOS Transconductors 511
12.8 Active RC and MOSFET-C Filters 514
12.9 Tuning Circuitry 522
12.10 Introduction to Complex Filters 530
12.11 Key Points 536
12.12 References 538
12.13 Problems 540
CHAPTER 13 DISCRETE-TIME SIGNALS 543
13.1 Overview of Some Signal Spectra 543
13.2 Laplace Transforms of Discrete-Time Signals 543
13.2.1 Spectra of Discrete-Time Signals 546
13.3 z-Transform 547
13.4 Downsampling and Upsampling 549
13.5 Discrete-Time Filters 551
13.6 Sample-and-Hold Response 558
13.7 Key Points 560
13.8 References 561
13.9 Problems 561
CHAPTER 14 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR CIRCUITS 563
14.1 Basic Building Blocks 563
14.2 Basic Operation and Analysis 566
14.3 Noise in Switched-Capacitor Circuits 576
14.4 First-Order Filters 578
14.5 Biquad Filters 583
14.6 Charge Injection 591
14.7 Switched-Capacitor Gain Circuits 594
14.8 Correlated Double-Sampling Techniques 599
14.9 Other Switched-Capacitor Circuits 600
14.10 Key Points 606
14.11 References 607
14.12 Problems 608
CHAPTER 15 DATA CONVERTER FUNDAMENTALS 612
15.1 Ideal D/A Converter 612
15.2 Ideal A/D Converter 614
15.3 Quantization Noise 615
15.3.1 Deterministic Approach 615
15.3.2 Stochastic Approach 616
15.4 Signed Codes 618
15.5 Performance Limitations 620
15.5.1 Resolution 620
15.5.2 Offset and Gain Error 621
15.5.3 Accuracy and Linearity 621
15.6 Key Points 626
15.7 References 626
15.8 Problems 626
CHAPTER 16 NYQUIST-RATE D/A CONVERTERS 603
16.1 Decoder-Based Converters 629
16.2 Binary-Scaled Converters 634
16.3 Thermometer-Code Converters 640
16.4 Hybrid Converters 646
16.5 Key Points 648
16.6 References 649
16.7 Problems 649
CHAPTER 17 NYQUIST-RATE A/D CONVERTERS 652
17.1 Integrating Converters 656
17.2 Successive-Approximation Converters 656
17.3 Algorithmic (or Cyclic) A/D Converter 668
17.4 Pipelined A/D Converters 671
17.5 Flash Converters 679
17.5.1 Issues in Designing Flash A/D Converters 681
17.6 Two-Step A/D Converters 683
17.7 Interpolating A/D Converters 686
17.8 Folding A/D Converters 689
17.9 Time-Interleaved A/D Converters 693
17.10 Key Points 696
17.11 References 697
17.12 Problems 698
CHAPTER 18 OVERSAMPLING CONVERTERS 702
18.1 Oversampling without Noise Shaping 702
18.2 Oversampling with Noise Shaping 708
18.3 System Architectures 717
18.4 Digital Decimation Filters 720
18.5 Higher-Order Modulators 724
18.6 Bandpass Oversampling Converters 727
18.7 Practical Considerations 728
18.8 Multi-Bit Oversampling Converters 733
18.9 Third-Order A/D Design Example 736
18.10 Key Points 739
18.11 References 740
18.12 Problems 741
CHAPTER 19 PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS 744
19.1 Basic Phase-Locked Loop Architecture 744
19.2 Linearized Small-Signal Analysis 754
19.3 Jitter and Phase Noise 762
19.4 Electronic Oscillators 771
19.5 Jitter and Phase Noise in PLLS 783
19.6 Key Points 787
19.7 References 788
19.8 Problems 788