Synopses & Reviews
In this provocative look at one of the most important events of our time, renowned scholar Arjun Appadurai argues that the economic collapse of 2008—while indeed spurred on by greed, ignorance, weak regulation, and irresponsible risk-taking—was, ultimately, a failure of language. To prove this sophisticated point, he takes us into the world of derivative finance, which has become the core of contemporary trading and the primary target of blame for the collapse and all our subsequent woes. With incisive argumentation, he analyzes this challengingly technical world, drawing on thinkers such as J. L. Austin, Marcel Mauss, and Max Weber as theoretical guides to showcase the ways language—and particular failures in it—paved the way for ruin.
Appadurai moves in four steps through his analysis. In the first, he highlights the importance of derivatives in contemporary finance, isolating them as the core technical innovation that markets have produced. In the second, he shows that derivatives are essentially written contracts about the future prices of assets—they are, crucially, a promise. Drawing on Mauss’s The Gift and Austin’s theories on linguistic performatives, Appadurai, in his third step, shows how the derivative exploits the linguistic power of the promise through the special form that money takes in finance as the most abstract form of commodity value. Finally, he pinpoints one crucial feature of derivatives (as seen in the housing market especially): that they can make promises that other promises will be broken. He then details how this feature spread contagiously through the market, snowballing into the systemic liquidity crisis that we are all too familiar with now.
With his characteristic clarity, Appadurai explains one of the most complicated—and yet absolutely central—aspects of our modern economy. He makes the critical link we have long needed to make: between the numerical force of money and the linguistic force of what we say we will do with it.
Review
“In this remarkable book, Appadurai masterfully draws a set of classic scholarly voices into a debate over the spirit of capitalism today. Revitalizing the canonical insights of such thinkers as Weber, Mauss, and Austin, he builds toward a bold diagnosis of contemporary finance that not only pinpoints its toxic force and ethical failures but, refreshingly, attempts to discern how its workings might be adjusted to less predatory effect. Appadurai’s highly original analysis is sure to galvanize the current conversation around capitalism and its discontents.”
Review
“When Appadurai writes about derivatives, it becomes an exploration of the vast shadow effect of this now-familiar instrument. It also becomes an occasion to enrich our understanding of the derivative’s dangers and value with the ruminations of those whose wisdom predates its existence. The result is a new insight, a wonderful mix of discovery and literature.”
Review
“It is a disquieting, if gripping pleasure to read Appadurai’s Banking on Words, which engages the current era of global finance through the metaphor of endlessly stacked, promise-like contracts monetized as hedges against contractual failure—without limit. Focused by fundamental insights of classic social and economic analysis and newer contemporary trends, his lens allows us to discern the essentially ritual-like, ‘performative’ character of derivative transactions, deploying the cultural logics of spells and amulets in the face of the uncertainties of an inevitably uncertain—not just risk-filled—universe. In the light of his trenchant critique of the ‘predatory dividualism’ of the few over the many that has qualitatively transformed capitalist enterprise, the author holds open to us the possibility of harnessing the age of derivative finance for democratic ends.”
Synopsis
In this short but ambitious book, Arjun Appadurai argues that the failure of the financial system in 2007-08 in the United States was primarily a failure of language. This argument does not deny that greed, ignorance, weak regulation, and irresponsible risk-taking were important factors in the collapse. But the new role of language in the marketplace, for Appadurai, is the condition of possibility for all these more easily identifiable flaws. Attempts to rectify the social pathologies of contemporary finance must address that failure of language. Banking on Words focuses on derivatives as the distinctive innovation of our financial era. Derivatives are written promises concerning the uncertain future prices of financial assets and the substance of these contracts is expressed in terms of money. The recent failure of derivatives markets was systematic and should be understood as failed promises. While it is well-known that derivatives pile risk on risk with little basis in real production and trade, Appadurai reveals this process in a fresh light from which some policy conclusions may be drawn. While critical of derivative finance’s present social infrastructure and supporting ideology, Appadurai acknowledges its capacity for creating vast new forms of wealth and asks the crucial question: if we want access to that wealth, what kind of social arrangements would we need to make sure that it benefits all of society rather than reinforcing a system that benefits the few who are already well off? His bold answer involves not the repair of the force of promises but rather the repair and reconstruction of the idea of the individual to enable new sorts of solidarity between “dividuals,” agents whose very partiality may allow for new aggregations of aspiration, interest and affiliation. This amounts to nothing less than a new ideology of sociality.
About the Author
Arjun Appadurai is the Goddard Professor of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University and a senior fellow of the Institute for Public Knowledge. A fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he is the author of editor of numerous books, including The Social Life of Things, Modernity at Large, Fear of Small Numbers, and The Future as Cultural Fact.
Table of Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. The Logic of Promissory Finance
Chapter 2. The Entrepreneurial Ethic and the Spirit of Financialism
Chapter 3. The Ghost in the Financial Machine
Chapter 4. The Sacred Market
Chapter 5. Sociality, Uncertainty, and Ritual
Chapter 6. The Charismatic Derivative
Chapter 7. The Wealth of Dividuals
Chapter 8. The Global Ambitions of Finance
Chapter 9. The End of the Contractual Promise
Notes
References
Index