Synopses & Reviews
The major emphasis in this book is a compilation and definition of what is known about components of human milk, including glycoconjugates, that inhibit common pathogens of the infant. Also discussed are other bioactive constituents whose relevant biological roles are also beginning to be defined. Hormonal and cytokine activity, immunomodulating and autoinflammatory agents, xenobiotics, and conditionally essential nutrients in milk could have roles in the protection of the infant, but may also participate in digestive processes, maternal-infant communication, maturation of the gut, central nervous system, and other components of infant growth and development. Like the protective activities, these are discussed in terms of their presence in milk, structures, potential functions, and structure/function relationship. Components whose role is nutritional support during early development of the infant are also included.
Synopsis
Although breast-feeding has long been associated with lowered infant morbid- ity and mortality from infectious disease, until relatively recently little was known regarding the individual components of human milk aside from their nutritive func- tions and the presence of secretory antibodies. Over the last 40 years, and especially over the last decade, evidence has been growing that human milk contains a large number of materials that are bioactive and that are not found in artificially formu- latedinfantdiets. Disparatelinesofresearcharecurrentlyproducingsurprisinglylong listsofnewlyrecognizedhumanmilkcomponents-antimicrobialsand immunomod- ulators, includinganti-inflammatoryagents, antioxidants, cytokines, andhormones- with biological activities that relate to pathogenesis, inflammation, development, metabolic regulation, and other functions. The sum of all of these biologically active milk components may account for the strong protection that human milk affords nursing infants. Strictly speaking, most components of human milk could be considered bioac- tive, since nutrients are bioactive by definition. A major emphasis of this book, how- ever, is on defining what is known about components of human milk that inhibit common pathogens of the infant, those that have hormonal and/or cytokine activity, those that have immunomodulatory and/or anti-inflammatory activity, xenobiotics, and nutrients that are uniquely essential to early development. The topic of bioactive substances in human milk was explored in depth at the th 8 International Conference of the International Society for Research on Human Milk and Lactation (ISRHML) held at Plymouth, Massachusetts, October 25-29, 1997. This book contains the proceedings of that conference.
Table of Contents
Dedication. Preface; D.S. Newburg. Section I: Introduction. 1. Bioactive components of human milk: evolution, efficiency, and protection; D.S. Newburg. 2. Human milk and the response of intestinal epithelium to infection; K. Bernt, W.A. Walker. 3. MUC1 and MUC-X, epithelial mucins of breast and milk; S. Patton, M.-G. Awardee. 4. Drug transport into milk; P.J. McNamara. Section II: Hormones & Growth Factors in Mammary Development and in Milk. Overview. 5. The transforming growth factors beta in development and functional differentiation of the mouse mammary gland; C.W. Daniel, et al. 6. Is milk a conduit for developmental signals? K.D. Nusser, L.S. Frawley. 7. Regulation of cell apoptosis by insulin-like growth factor 1; D.L. Hadsel, G. Abdel-Fattah. 8. Human milk contains detectable levels of immunoreactive leptin; R.E. Lyle, et al. 9. Induction of expression of branched-chain aminotransferase and alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase in rat tissues during lactation; S. DeSantiago, et al. 10. A low-fat diet but not food restriction improves lactational performance in obese rats; K.M. Rasmussen, et al. 11. Human lactoferrin in the milk of transgenic mice increases intestinal growth in ten-day-old suckling neonates; P. Zhang, et al. 12. Growth rates of a human colon adenocardinoma cell line are regulated by the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin; L.G. Sternhagen, J.C. Allen. Section III: Molk Lipids and the Milk Fat Globule. Overview. 13. Assembly and secretion of the lipid globules of milk; T.W. Keenan. 14. Prolonged breast-feeding (six months or more) and milk fat content at six months are associated with higher developmental scores at one year of age within a breast-fed population; C. Agostoni, et al. 15. Presence of carotenoid, an anticarcinogenic marker, in nipple aspirates postlactation; C. Covington, et al. 16. The anticarcinogenic conjugated fatty acid c9, t11-C18:2, or rumenic acid, in human milk: amounts and effects; R.G. Jensen, C. Lammi-Keefe. 17. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in human hindmilk are constant throughout twelve-month lactation; C. Agostoni, et al. 18. Parenteral infusion of a lactating woman with intralipid: changes in milk and plasma fatty acids; R.G. Jensen, et al. 19. Investigation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in lactating women with stable isotope techniques; H. Demmelmair, et al. 20. Structural and functional aspects of three major glycoproteins of the human milk fat globule membrane; J.A. Peterson, et al. 21. Anti-infectious properties of the human milk fat globule membrane; H. Schroten, et al. Section IV: Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Milk. Overview. 22. Homeostasis of mucosal immune system: human milk and lactation; J. Mestecky. 23. Anti-inflammatory characteristics of human milk: how, where, why; E.S. Buescher. 24. Development of a topical vaginal microbicide: lessons learned from human milk; C.E. Isaacs, et al. 25. Does human lactoferrin in the milk of transgenic mice deliver iron to suckling neonates? L.H. Hanson, et al. 26. Changes in lactoferrin and lysozyme levels in human milk during the first twelve weeks of lactation; P. Montagne, et al. 27. The association of allergic sensitization in mother and child in breas-fed and fomula-fed infants; A.L. Wright, et al. 28. Vesicular transport of soluble substances into mouse milk; J. Monks, M.C. Neville. Section V: Non-Antibody Immune Factors. Overview. 29. Glycoconjungates in human and transgenic animal milk; B. Kelder, et al. 30. Mass spectrometry investigations of human milk oligosaccharides; A. Pfenninger, et al. 31. Human milk oligosaccharides: a novel method provides insight into human genetics; R. Erney, et al. 32. Detection of four human milk groups with respect to Lewis-blood-group-dependent oligosaccharides by serologic and chromatographic analysis; B. Stahl, et al. 33. Characterization of oligosaccharides in milk and feces of breast-fed infants by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography; G.V. Coppa, et al. 34. Survival of human milk oligosaccharides in the intestine of infants; P. Chaturvedi, et al. 35. Comparison of oligosaccharides in milk specimens from humans and twelve other species; C.D. Warren, et al. 36. Human milk lipids bind Shiga toxin; I. Herrera-Insua, et al. 37. Human milk antibacterial factors: the effect of temperature on defense systems; H.-Y. Chen, J.C. Allen. Section VI: Conditionally Essential Nutrients: Pros and Cons. Overviews: Conditionally Essential Nutrients: Can long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and nucleotides qualify? M. Hamosh. 38. Biotherapeutic agents and disease in infants; L.K. Pickering. 39. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk: are they essential? R.A. Gibson, M. Makrides. 40. Specific IgA to lactic acid bacteria in feces of children consuming milk fermented by yoghurt symbiosis and Lactobacillus casei (Danone strain DN 114 001); G.C. Faure, et al. 41. Are breast-fed infants vitamin K deficient? F.R. Greer. 42. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) during early development: contribution of milk LC-PUFA to accretion rates varies among organs; M. Hamosh, et al. 43. Gastric proteolysis in preterm infants fed mother's milk or formula; T.R. Henderson, et al. 44. Macronutrients in milk from mothers delivering preterm; J. Faerk, et al. 45. Amino acid intake during lactation and amino acids of plasma and human milk; I. Ramírez, et al. 46. Negative balance of calcium during lactation in marginally nourished women; L. Alonso, et al. 47. Do healthy very-low-birth-weight infants fed on their own mothers' milk require sodium supplementation? R.N. Musoke, et al. Section VII: Future Perspectives in Human Milk Research. Overview: The future of research in human milk; R.J. Schanler. 48. From bioactive substances to research on breast-feeding promotion; A.L. Morrow, M.L. Guerrero. 49. Protective role of human lactoferrin against invasion of Shigella Flexneri M90T; H.F. Gomez, et al. 50. Binding of transcobalamin II by human mammary epithelial cells; Y. Adkins, B. Lönnerdal. 51. Diet, growth and bone mineralization in premature infants; J. Faerk, et al. 52. Fat content and fatty acid composition of fresh, pasteurized, or sterilized human milk; N. Fidler, et al. 53. Lymphocyte subpopulations in breast-fed and formula-fed infants at six months of age; J.S. Hawkes, R.A. Gibson. Section VIII: Human Milk, Bioactive Components, and/or Lactation. Overview. 54. Trends in donor milk banking in the United States; L.D.W. Arnold. 55. Bacterial toxins and enteral feeding of premature infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis; L.C. Duffy, et al. 56. Epidemiology of breas-feeding in Italy; M. Giovannini, et al. 57. Analysis of casein using two-dimensional electrophoresis, western blot, and computer imaging; M.F. Goldfarb. 58. Consumption of lipophilic contaminants in human milk by infants: quantities are usually incorrect; R.G. Jensen, et al. 59. Active transport of nitrofurantoin into rat milk; C.Y. Oo, et al. 60. Influence of lysine on cimetidine uptake and on excretion of cimetidine by the rat mammary gland; P.M. Gerk, et al. 61. The effect of pasteurization on transforming growth factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta 2 concentrations in human milk; R.J. McPherson, C.L. Wagner. 62. Can women remember when their milk came in? R. Pérez-Escamilla, D. Chapman. 63. Glycosidase activities and sugar release in human milk; G.Y. Wiederschain, D.S. Newburg. Glossary.