Documents.
Maps.
Chronologies, Genealogies, and Figures.
Preface.
About the Authors.
Introduction: The Idea of Western Civilization.
1. The First Civilizations.
The Visual Record: ötzi's Last Meal: Life and Death in Prehistoric Europe.
Before Civilization.
The Dominance of Culture.
Social Organization, Agriculture, and Religion.
Mesopotamia : Between the Two Rivers.
The Ramparts of Uruk.
Tools: Technology and Writing.
Gods and Mortals in Mesopotamia.
Sargon and Mesopotamian Expansion.
Hammurabi and the Old Babylonian Empire.
The Gift of the Nile.
Tending the Cattle of God.
Democratization of the Afterlife.
The Egyptian Empire.
Religious and Royal Consolidation under Akhenaten.
Between Two Worlds.
The Hebrew Alternative.
A King Like All the Nations.
Exile.
Nineveh and Babylon.
The Assyrian Empire.
The New Babylonian Empire.
Persian Expansion.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: DISCOVERING THE PHARAOHS.
Documents.
The Code of Hammurabi.
A Homesick Egyptian.
The Kingdom of Israel .
2. Early Greece, 2500—500 b.c.e.
The Visual Record: Hecuba and Achilles: The Birth of Greek Civilization.
Greece in the Bronze Age to 800 b.c.e.
Islands of Peace.
Mainland of War.
The Dark Age.
Archaic Greece , 800—500 b.c.e.
Ethnos and Polis.
Technology of Writing and Warfare.
Colonists and Tyrants.
Gender and Power.
Gods and Mortals.
Myth and Reason.
Investigation and Speculation.
Art and the Individual.
A Tale of Three Cities.
Wealthy Corinth.
Martial Sparta.
Democratic Athens.
The Coming of Persia and the End of the Archaic Age.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading .
A CLOSER LOOK: THE AGONY OF ATHLETICS.
Documents.
Hector and Andromache.
The Race of Iron.
Two Faces of Tyranny.
3. Classical and Hellenistic Greece, 500—100 b.c.e.
Alexander at Issus : The Spread of Greek Civilization.
War and Politics in the Fifth Century b.c.e.
The Persian Wars.
Thermopylae and Salamis.
The Athenian Empire.
Private and Public Life in Athens.
Pericles and Athens.
The Peloponnesian War.
Athenian Culture in the Hellenic Age.
The Examined Life.
Understanding the Past.
Athenian Drama.
Art and the Human Image.
From City-States to Macedonian Empire, 404—323 b.c.e.
Politics after the Peloponnesian War.
Philosophy and the Polis.
The Rise of Macedon.
The Empire of Alexander the Great.
The Hellenistic World.
Urban Life and Culture.
Women in Public Life.
Alexandria .
Hellenistic Literature.
Art and Architecture.
Hellenistic Philosophy.
Mathematics and Science.
Cultural Resistance.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading .
A CLOSER LOOK: TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION.
THE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLD: REPRESENTING THE BUDDHA: FROM APOLLO TO CHRISTIAN SAINT.
Documents.
The Two Faces of Athenian Democracy.
Socrates the Gadfly.
Greeks and Barbarians.
Alexander Calls a Halt.
4. Early Rome and the Roman Republic, 800—146 b.c.e.
The Visual Record: Eternal Rome : From Village to Empire.
The Western Mediterranean to 509 b.c.e.
Merchants of Baal.
The Western Greeks.
Italy ’s First Civilization.
From City to Empire, 509—146 b.c.e.
Latin Rome.
Etruscan Rome.
Rome and Italy.
Rome and the Mediterranean.
Republican Civilization.
Farmers and Soldiers.
The Roman Family.
Social Effects of Expansion.
Roman Religion.
Republican Letters.
The Crisis of Roman Virtue.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: HANNIBAL’S ELEPHANTS.
Documents.
The Twelve Tables.
Polybius Compares Rome and Carthage.
Cato’s Slaves.
5. Imperial Rome, 146 b.c.e.—192 c.e.
The Altar of Augustan Peace: The Making of the Roman Empire.
The Price of Empire, 146—121 b.c.e.
Winners and Losers.
Optimates and Populares.
The End of the Republic.
The Crisis of Government.
A Life Worth Leading.
The Augustan Age and the Pax Romana 155.
The Empire Renewed.
Augustus’s Successors.
Religions from the East.
Jewish Resistance.
The Origins of Christianity.
Geographical Tour.
A Tour of the Empire.
The Western Provinces.
The Eastern Provinces.
The Culture of Antonine Rome.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: A DAY IN THE PAX ROMANA.
Documents.
The Reforms of Tiberius Gracchus.
Cicero on Justice and Reason.
Peter Announces the Good News.
6. The Transformation of the Classical World.
The Visual Record: A Bride’s Trousseau: The Synthesis of Christianity and the Classical Tradition.
The Crisis of the Third Century.
Enrich the Army and Scorn the Rest.
An Empire on the Defensive.
The Barbarian Menace.
Roman Influence in the Barbarian World.
Diocletian, the God-Emperor.
Constantine, the Emperor of God.
The Triumph of Christianity.
Imperial Christianity.
Divinity, Humanity, and Salvation.
The Call of the Desert.
Monastic Communities.
Solitaries and Hermits.
A Parting of the Ways.
The Barbarization of the West.
The New Barbarian Kingdoms.
The Hellenization of the East.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: THE STAINLESS STAR OF WISDOM’S DISCIPLINE.
Documents.
Tacitus on the Germans.
Religious Toleration and Persecution.
Love in the Two Cities.
7. The Classical Legacy in the East: Byzantium and Islam.
The Visual Record: From Temple to Mosque: The Continuity of Civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean.
The Byzantines.
Justinian and the Creation of the Byzantine State.
Emperors and Individuals.
Families and Villages
A Foretaste of Heaven.
Iconoclasm.
The Rise of Islam.
Arabia before the Prophet.
Muhammad, Prophet of God.
The Triumph of Islam.
The Spread of Islam.
Authority and Government in Islam.
Umayyad and ‘Abbasid Caliphates.
Islamic Civilization.
The Byzantine Apogee and Decline, 1000—1453.
The Disintegration of the Empire.
The Conquests of Constantinople and Baghdad.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
THE WEST AND THE WIDER WORLD: INDUSTRIAL ESPIONAGE IN THE SIXTH CENTURY.
Documents.
The Qur’an.
An Arab’s View of Western Medicine.
A Turkish Guest in Constantinople.
8. The West in the Early Middle Ages, 500—900.
The Visual Record: The Chapel at the Waters: The Western Empire Reborn.
The Making of the Barbarian Kingdoms, 500—750.
Italy : From Ostrogoths to Lombards.
Visigothic Spain : Intolerance and Destruction.
The Anglo-Saxons: From Pagan Conquerors to Christian Missionaries.
The Franks: An Enduring Legacy.
Living in the New Europe.
Creating the European Peasantry.
Rural Households.
Creating the European Aristocracy.
Aristocratic Lifestyle.
Governing Europe.
The Carolingian Achievement.
Charlemagne and the Renewal of the West.
The Carolingian Renaissance.
Carolingian Government.
Carolingian Art.
Geographical Tour: Europe in the Ninth Century.
England.
Scandinavia.
The Slavic World.
Muslim Spain.
After the Carolingians: From Empire to Lordships.
Disintegration of the Empire.
Emergence of France and Germany.
Cluny.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: THE JEWS IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES.
Documents.
Two Missionaries.
From Slave to Queen.
Charlemagne and the Arts.
9. The High Middle Ages.
The Visual Record: From the Syrian Desert to the Welsh Marshes: A Kings and His Castles.
The Countryside.
The Peasantry: Serfs and Freemen.
The Aristocracy: Warriors and Heiresses.
The Church: Saints and Monks.
Crusaders: Soldiers of God.
Medieval Towns.
Italian Cities.
Northern Towns.
The Fairs of Champagne.
Urban Intellectuals.
The Invention of the State.
The Universal States: Empire and Papacy.
The Nation-States: France and England.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: CATHEDRALS OF LIGHT.
Documents.
Visions Like a Flame.
Pope Urban II Summons a Crusade.
Saint Francis of Assisi on Humility and Poverty.
The Great Charter.
10. The Later Middle Ages, 1300—1500.
The Visual Record: Webs of Stone and Blood: European Civilization at the End of the Middle Ages.
Politics as a Family Affair.
The Struggle for Central Europe.
A Hundred Years of War.
Life and Death in the Later Middle Ages.
Dancing with Death.
The Plague of Insurrection.
Living and Dying in Medieval Towns.
The Spirit of the Later Middle Ages.
The Crisis of the Papacy.
Discerning the Spirit of God.
Heresy and Revolt.
Religious Persecution in Spain.
William of Ockham and the Spirit of Truth.
Vernacular Literature and the Individual.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
Documents.
The Black Death in Florence .
Convivencia.
A Woman Before the Inquisition.
11. The Italian Renaissance.
The Visual Record: A Civic Procession: Community Building in Renaissance Venice.
Renaissance Society.
The Urban Environment.
Production and Consumption.
The Experience of Life.
The Quality of Life.
Renaissance Art.
An Architect, a Sculptor, and a Painter.
Renaissance Style.
Michelangelo.
Renaissance Ideals.
Humanists and the Liberal Arts.
Renaissance Science.
Machiavelli and Politics.
The Politics of the Italian City-States.
The Five Powers.
Venice : A Seaborne Empire.
Florence : Spinning Cloth into Gold.
The End of Italian Hegemony, 1450—1527.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE.
Documents.
On the Family.
The Renaissance Man.
The Lion and the Fox.
The Siege of Constantinople.
12. The European Empires.
The Visual Record: Astride the World: The Age of Monarchies.
European Encounters.
A Passage to India.
Mundus Novus.
The Spanish Conquests.
The Legacy of the Encounters
Geographical Tour: Europe in 1500: The Age of the New Monarchies.
Boundaries of Eastern Europe.
Central Europe.
Western Europe.
The Formation of States.
Eastern Configurations.
The Western Powers.
The Dynastic Struggles.
Power and Glory.
The Italian Wars.
Questions for Review.
Key Terms.
Discovering Western Civilization Online.
Suggestions for Further Reading.
A CLOSER LOOK: ISABELLA OF CASTILE.
Documents.
A Momentous Discovery.
The Halls of Montezuma.
Last Words.
The Kingdom of France.