Synopses & Reviews
This softcover text offers a current, lively and thorough introduction to criminal justice. It draws students into this intruiging field with coverage of past developments, contemporary issues, and tomorrow's challenges. Manageable in terms of size and price, Criminal Justice: An Introduction offers a concise and affordable alternative to encyclopedic texts and more complete coverage than brief core texts.
About the Author
Dr. Freda Adler is Distinguished Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, School of Criminal Justice. She received her BA in sociology, her MA in criminology, and her Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Adler began her career in criminal justice as an evaluator of drug and alcohol treatment programs for federal and state governments. Since 1968, she has taught subjects such as criminal justice, criminology, comparative criminal justice systems, statistics, and research methods. She has served as criminal justice advisor to the United Nations, as well as to federal, state, and foreign governments. Dr. Adler's published works include 13 books as author or coauthor, 9 books as editor or coeditor, and over 90 journal articles. She has served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminology, and the Journal of Research on Crime and Delinquency. Dr. Adler serves as editorial consultant to the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology and is coeditor of Advances in Criminological Theory. She also has served as president as the American Society of Criminology (1994-1995).Dr. Gerhard O. W. Mueller is Distinguished Professor of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University, School of Criminal Justice. Between 1974 and 1982, he served as Chief of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch. As such, he was responsible for all of the United Nations programs dealing with problems of crime and justice worldwide. He has been a faculty member of universities and colleges across the country and around the world.Dr. William S. Laufer is Associate Professor of Legal Studies at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Teaching since 1987, his subjects include criminological theory, corporate and white collar crime, and business ethics. Dr. Laufers research has appeared in a wide range of journals.
Table of Contents
List of Boxes PrefacePART 1. The Universe of Crime and Justice 1Chapter 1. Criminal Justice: Introduction and OverviewCriminal Justice: The Origins of a Young DisciplineCreating a Criminal Justice SystemCriminal Justice as a SystemModels of the Criminal Justice SystemThe GoalsThe MeansStages of the Criminal Justice ProcessEntry into the SystemDecisions by VictimsDecisions by the PoliceLegal StandardsThe Right to CounselProsecution and Pretrial ServicesThe Judicial Decision to ReleaseThe Preliminary HearingThe Decision to Charge and to IndictPlea BargainingAdjudication and SentencingCorrectionsCommunity DecisionsInstitutional DecisionsRelease and Parole DecisionsDiversionLooking Ahead: A Preview of This BookReviewThinking, Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:21st Century Challenge: Violent Crime Declined in 2001-0nce Again! Why?In Their Own Words: Rosanne Russo, Assistant Special Agent in Charge, FBI, Philadelphia DivisionCrime Scene: Night Court: Gateway to the Criminal Justice SystemChapter 2. Crime and CriminalsTypes of CrimeViolent CrimeHomicideAssaultRape and Sexual AssaultRobberyTerrorismProperty and Economic CrimesFraudHigh-tech CrimesBurglaryArsonWhite-collar and Corporate Crime 52 Organized CrimeCrimes against Public Morality: Drugs, Alcohol,and ViceCounting CrimeSources of InformationThe Amount of CrimeArrestsExplaining Criminal BehaviorBiology and CrimePsychology and CriminalityBiological and Psychological Explanations: Practical ApplicationsSociology and CriminalitySociological Explanations: Practical ApplicationsSituational Crime PreventionReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:In Their Own Words: Htlica Gonzalez, Care Manager, The Women's Shelter, Inc.,Corpus Christi, Texas21st Century Challenge: Emerging Ethnic Organized Crime GroupsCrime Scene: Gangsta Rap: Subculture of Violence?Chapter 3. The Criminal LawThe Criminal Law and Its Seven Basic Principles1. Legality: Is There a Law That Makes Something Criminal?2. Conduct: Only the Acts of Persons Can Be Covered by Criminal Law3. Harm: Protecting a Legally Recognized Value4. Causation: Bringing about the Harm5. Mens Rea (Guilty Mind): Criminal Intent6. The Concurrence Requirement7. The Punishment RequirementThe Principles Applied: DefensesExcusesJustificationsThe Arithmetic of CrimeReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:You Be the Judge! Does Unconsciousness Preclude Criminal Liability?Criminal Justice in Action: The Act RequirementYou Be the Judge! When is There Insufficient Evidence of Causation?You Be the Judge! What Evidence Satisfies an Inference of Intent?You Be the Judge! Can Corporations Be Charged with Crimes?Criminal Justice in Action: Creation of Law: Always a Rational Effort?You Be the Judge! What Kind of Evidence Satisfies the Defense of Necessity?In Their Own Words: Thomas King, Detective, Retired, Philadelphia Police Department
PART 2. The PoliceChapter 4. History and Organization of the PoliceThe History of American PoliceThe Expanding West The East: Urban RiotsThe Problem of Political ControlPolice Systems in the United StatesChain of CommandDivision of LaborThe Eight-hour ShiftRules and RegulationsThe Federal SystemThe Federal Bureau of InvestigationThe Drug Enforcement AdministrationThe Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and FirearmsImmigration and Naturalization ServiceThe U.S. Secret ServiceOther Federal Law Enforcement AgenciesState and Local SystemsState PoliceCounty PoliceMunicipal Police ForcesSpecial Purpose PolicePrivate PoliceReviewThinking Critically about Criminal Justice 130 Internet ConnectionNotesBoxes:Crime Scene: The KGB-Controlling Intelligence21st Century Challenge: Stopping the Flow of Illegal ImmigrantsIn Their Own Words: Tom Harrington, Acting Special Agent in Charge, Philadelphia FBIChapter 5. Police FunctionsManaging Police FunctionsManagement StylesAlternatives to Traditional Management StylesCommunity PolicingPolice-Community Relations ProgramsCitizen InvolvementThe Service FunctionCoping with Injury and illnessCoping with the Mentally IIIOrder MaintenancePatrol: The Basic TechniqueTypes of PatrolEvaluating Traditional TechniquesNew Policing StrategiesThe Law Enforcement FunctionCriminal InvestigationLaw Enforcement Priorities TodayNew Challenges: Post 9-11Controversial Law Enforcement TechniquesReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:21st Century Challenge: Cyberpolicing: Law Enforcement in the Nebulous World of the Information SuperhighwayIn Their Own Words: Elliot M. Gross, M.D., Inter-County Medical Examiner, Counties of Cape May and Cumberland, NJ; Chief Medical Examiner, City of New York, 1979-1987; Chief Medical Examiner, State of Connecticut, 1970-1979Crime Scene: Road RageChapter 6. The Police CultureSelecting Police OfficersQualificationsChanging Composition of the Police ForceMinority Groups in PolicingWomen in PolicingThe Police SubcultureSocialization of New RecruitsThe Police PersonalityStyles of PolicingStressBehind the Blue CurtainCorruptionThe Range of Corrupt ActivitiesControlling CorruptionUnionizationChallenges to Police UnionsPolice Unions TodayReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:In Their Own Words: Hubert Williams, President,. Police FoundationCrime Scene: Affirmative Action: Police Sensitivity and the CommunityCrime Scene: Police StressChapter 7. The Rule of Law in Law EnforcementCriminal Justice Under the ConstitutionFederal Criminal Justice: The Bill of RightsState Criminal Justice: Selective Incorporation of the Bill of RightsFourth Amendment: Unreasonable Searches and SeizuresSearch and SeizureWarrant1ess SearchesArrestsFifth Amendment: Self-incriminationThe Self-incrimination PrivilegeThe Miranda WarningsEnforcing Constitutional Rights: The Exclusionary RuleMapp v. Ohio (1961)Exceptions to the RuleThe Demise of Mapp v. Ohio?Alternatives to the RuleIllegally Seized PersonsThe Use and Abuse of ForceThe Ultimate Seizure of the Person:Deadly ForceAbuse of ForceReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:21st Century Challenge: A Dime's Worth of Privacy Goes a Long WayCrime Scene: Cokie and Rosa: Famous Balloon SwallowersIn Their Own Words: Joe Waters, Captain, Philadelphia Police DepartmentPART 3. The CourtsChapter 8. The Origin and Role of the CourtsOrigin of America's CourtsColonial CourtsCourts for a New NationState Courts: Organization and RoleCourts of Limited or Special JurisdictionCourts of General JurisdictionAppellate CourtsIntermediate Appellate Courts and Supreme CourtsFederal Courts: Organization and RoleFederal MagistratesUnited States District CourtsUnited States Circuit Courts of AppealThe Supreme Court of the United StatesInteraction between State Courts and Federal CourtsAppeal and the Writ of CertiorariHabeas CorpusThe Future of the Courts: IssuesFederal IssuesState IssuesReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotes Boxes:In Their Own Words: Ross D. London,Former Judge, Municipal Court, Hoboken,New Jersey21st Century Challenge: Drug CourtsCrime Scene: The Supreme Court and Public OpinionChapter 9. Lawyers and JudgesProsecutionRoles and DutiesFederal ProsecutorsState ProsecutorsPolitics and PolicyDiscretionDefense CounselRoles and DutiesPrivate Defense CounselPublic DefendersEthical IssuesJudgesRoles and DutiesTypes of JudgesQualifications and BackgroundSelectionOther Court PersonnelReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:Crime Scene: A Day in the Life of a Rookie DAIn Their Own Words: Delores D. Jones-Brown, Assistant Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, and Former Assistant Prosecutor, Monmouth County, Freehold, New Jersey21st Century Challenge: Black Robes and White Justice Chapter 10. Criminal Prosecution and AdjudicationNo TrialDiversionEvaluation of Diversion ProgramsPretrialPretrial ReleasePretrial DetentionThe PleaPlea BargainingTrialVoir DireOpening StatementsThe Prosecution's CaseThe Defense's CaseClosing Arguments and InstructionsJury DeliberationsSentencingPosttrialRights to AppealAppellate ReviewAppellate ProcessReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:21st Century Challenge: Stacking the Deck: Using Science to Pick the Right JuryCrime Scene: Court TVIn Their Own Words: Terri Kopp, Counsel, Legal Aid Society, New YorkChapter 11. SentencingPurposes and Goals of the Criminal Sanction RetributionJust DessertsDeterrenceIncapacitationRehabilitationMixed GoalsThe Choice of a SanctionStructuring SentencesIndeterminate SentencesDeterminate SentencesMandatory SentencesSentencing GuidelinesCapital PunishmentThe Deterrence ArgumentThe Discrimination ArgumentOther ArgumentsThe Future of the Death PenaltyReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:Crime Scene: Corporal Punishment: A Tale of Two CitizensIn Their Own Words: Deborah W. Denno, Professor of Law, Fordham University School of Law; Death Penalty Researcher21st Century Challenge: A New Crime: Hate; A New Punishment: Sentence-EnhancementPART 4. CorrectionsChapter 12. Corrections: Yesterday and TodayThe History of Institutional CorrectionsThe Workhouse MovementThe Penitentiary MovementThe Reformatory MovementThe Rehabilitation ModelMajor Developments in American CorrectionsThe Prisoners' Rights MovementThe Impact of the Prisoners' Rights MovementThe Rebirth of Retribution PhilosophyInstitutional Corrections TodayJailsPrisonsFederal Prison SystemState Prison Systems Institutions for WomenCo-correctional Facilities The Size and Cost of the Corrections EnterpriseThe Size of the SystemThe Cost of the SystemPrivatization of CorrectionsEffectiveness of PrivatizationTrends in PrivatizationReviewThinking Critically about Criminal JusticeInternet ConnectionNotesBoxes:21st Century Challenge: Lockups and Jails: Conditions WorsenIn Their Own Words: P. F. McManimon, Jr., Warden (Ret.), Mercer County Detention CenterCrime Scene: Prison Violence: Protection in a Dangerous EnvironmentChapter 13. Institutional CorrectionsCustody/SecurityRules and Regulations