Synopses & Reviews
Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 13.
We have many reasons to believe that the history of the development of the earth's crust is fundamentally dependent on processes in the upper mantle to a depth not exceeding 1000 km. Because of this relation, the Upper Mantle Project was organized as an international program of geophysical, geochemical, and geological studies concerning the 'upper mantle and its influence on the development of the earth's crust.'
Many important results have emerged during the course of the Upper Mantle Project. Probably the most significant is the delineation in some detail of the 'fine structure'—the lateral and vertical variations of properties—of the upper mantle. These results have fully convinced us that there is a fundamental relation between this fine structure, the motions of materials in the upper mantle, and activities at or near the surface of the earth such as earthquakes (and the types of earthquake motions), volcanism, the building and deformation of mountains, and the differentiation of various rock types, including concentrations that are of economic interest.
Table of Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
1. Composition
Composition and Evolution of the Upper Mantle
A. E. RINGWOOD 1
Density and Composition of the Upper Mantle: First Approximation as an Olivine Layer
FRANCIS BIRCH 18
Chemical Composition of the Earth's Crust
A. B. RONOV AND A. A. YAROSHEVSKY 37
Isotope Geochemistry of Crust-Mantle Processes
STANLEY R. HART 58
2. Heat Flow
Thermal History of the Earth
E. A. LUBIMOVA 63
Heat Flow in North America
GENE SIMMONS AND ROBERT F. ROY 78
Heat Flow Map of Eurasia
E. A. LUBIMOVA AND B. G. POLYAK 82
Heat Flow in Oceanic Regions
R. P. VON HERZEN AND W. H. K. LEE 88
Terrestrial Heat Flow in Volcanic Areas
HORAI AND SEIYA UYEDA 95
3. Seismology
Seismology and Upper Mantle Investigations
A. R. RITSEMA 110
Seismicity of the Earth
SETUMI MIYAMURA 115
Tectonic Activity in North America as Indicated by Earthquakes
GEORGE P. WOOLLARD 125
Seismicity of Continental Asia and the Region of the Sea of Okhotsk, 1953-1965
E. F. SAVRENSKY AND N. V. GOLUBEVA 134
Seismicity of the European Area
Vit Karnkek 13 9
Seismicity of Southeast Australia
J. C. JAEGER AND LESLEY READ 145
Seismicity of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge System
LYNN R. SYKES 148
Worldwide Earthquake Mechanism
ANNE E. STEVENS 153
Mechanism of Earthquakes in and near Japan and Related Problems
MASAJI ICHIKAWA 160
The Field of Elastic Stresses Associated with Earthquakes
L. M. BALAKINA, L. A. MISHARINA, E. I. SHIROKOVA, AND A. V. VVEDENSKAYA 166
Zero Frequency Seismology
FRANK PRESS 171
Prediction of Earthquakes
TAKAHIRO HAGIWARA 174
Explosion Seismology: Introduction
I. P. KOSMINSKAYA 177