Includes bibliographical references (p. 281-315) and index.
Contents
List of Cases, Maps, Figures, Tables, and Boxes
Preface
Acknowledgments
List of Acronyms
Part I. The Challenge: Agricultural Intensification, Rural
Poverty, and Biodiversity
Chapter 1. Introduction
Ecoagriculture
Chapter 2. Wild Biodiversity under Threat
Definitions of Biodiversity
Value of Wild Biodiversity
Value for Rural Peoples
Value for Agriculture
Distribution of Wild Species Biodiversity
Protected Areas
Status of and Trends in Wild Species Populations
Historical Species Extinction
Current and Projected Species Extinctions
Population Extinction
Implications
Chapter 3. Agriculture and Human Welfare
Agriculture: A Dominant Global Land Use
The Challenge of Ensuring Future Food Supply
Recent Trends in Global Food Demand and Supply
The Impact of Population Growth on Future Food Demand
Changing Patterns of Food Demand
Food Production Constraints
Rural Poverty Reduction and Economic Development
Rural Populations are Still Growing
Agriculture and Economic Development
Implications
Chapter 4. Agriculture and Wild Biodiversity
Historical Relation of Agriculture and Wild Biodiversity
Why Farmers Feel Threatened by Wild Biodiversity
Land Conversion
Conversion of Natural Habitat to Agricultural Use
Critical Areas of Biodiversity Loss Due to Conversion
Recovery of Agricultural Land Back to Natural Vegetation
Modification of Landscapes
Fragmentation
Tree Cover in Agricultural Lands
Modifications in Hydrological Systems
Irrigation
Drainage of Wetlands
Changing Vegetation in Watersheds
Habitat Pollution and Degradation
Pesticide Pollution
Fertilizer and Organic Nutrient Pollution
Soil Erosion and Degradation
Rangeland Degradation
Rangeland Degradation
Forest Degradation
Reduced Pollination and Seed Dispersal
Threats to Wildlife from Loss of Farmland Habitats
Overexploitation and Eradication of Wild Species
Impacts of Agricultural Species on Associated Wild Species
Invasive Alien Species
Wildlife Diseases from Domestic Livestock
Emerging Concerns about Genetically Modified Organisms
Climate Change Induced by Agricultural Land Use
Implications
Part II. The Opportunity: Integrating Biodiversity
Conservation in Agricultural Development
Chapter 5. Ecoagriculture: Genesis of the Approach
What Do Wild Species Need?
The Ecosystem Approach
Evolution of Approaches to Wild Biodiversity in Agricultural Systems
Recent Scientific and Institutional Advances
Ecoagriculture
Strategies for Ecoagriculture
Case Studies of Ecoagriculture
Chapter 6. Making Space for Wildlife in Agricultural
Landscapes
Strategy 1: Create Biodiversity Reserves That Benefit Local Farming
Communities
Identifying Locally Beneficial Areas for Protection
Protecting Agricultural Habitats
Enhancing Benefits from Protected Areas for Local Farmers
Six Case Studies
Potential Appilcation
Strategy 2: Develop Habitat Networks in Nonfarmed Areas
The Biodiversity Value of "In Between" Spaces
Finding Landscape Niches for Biodiversity
Whole Farm and Landscape Planning
Four Case Studies
Potential Application
Strategy 3: Reduce Land Conversion by Increasing Farm
Productivity
Role of Technological Change in Stabilizing Agricultural Area
Potentials to Increase Agricultural Productivity
Six Case Studies
Potential Application
Chapter 7. Enhancing the Habitat Value of Productive
Farmlands
Strategy 4: Minimize Agricultural Pollution
Reduced Use of Pollutants
Improved Management of Pollutants
Seven Case Studies
Potential Application
Strategy 5: Modify Management of Soil, Water, and Vegetation Resources
Water Management
Soil Management
Tillage Practices
Management of Natural Vegetation
Cover Crops, Green Manures, and Improved Fallows
Fire Management
Crop and Livestock Diversity
Co-managing Livestock and Wildlife
Seven Case Studies
Potential Application
Strategy 6: Modify Farming Systems to Mimic Natural Ecosystems
Forest Ecosystems
Savanna Ecosystems
Benefits of Farm Perennials for Wild Biodiversity
Increasing the Economic Value of Perennial Crops on Farms
Six Case Studies
Potential Application
Chapter 8. Coexisting with Wild Biodiversity in
Ecoagriculture Systems
Most Wild Species Have Beneficial or Neutral Effects
Approaches to Wildlife Management
Community Involvement in Decision-Making
Modified Management of Livestock
Modified Management of Agricultural Lands
Excluding, Deterring, and Scaring
Restoring Ecological Balance
Paying Compensation
Conclusion
Part III. Policy Responses
Chapter 9. Policies to Promote Ecoagriculture
Reframing Policy Goals
Price and Trade Policies
Agricultural Prices and Subsidies
Trade Policies
Legal Framework and Regulations
International Conventions
Redefining Protected Areas
National Legal Frameworks for Biodiversity Conservation
Decentralization of Biodiversity Policy
Regulation of Agricultural Use and Management Practices
Property Rights for Biodiversity Protection
Recognizing Farmers' Rights in Protected-Area Designation
and Management
Indigenous Land Rights for Biodiversity Conservation
Water Rights for Biodiversity Protection
Property Rights for Genetic Resources
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Market Incentives for Ecoagriculture
Promote Profitable Ecoagriculture Systems
Markets for Products from Ecoagriculture
"Green" Markets: Certification for Biodiversity
Market Development for Products from Wild Species
Agroecotourism
Payments for Biodiversity Services
Offering Tax Advantages for Maintaining Biodiversity
Paying Farmers to Maintain Protected Areas
Paying Farmers for Ecoagriculture Production
Paying Farmers for Protecting Wildlife
Paying for Bioprospecting Rights
Paying Farmers for Other Environmental Services Compatible with
Biodiversity
Conclusion
Chapter 11. Institutions to Support Ecoagriculture
Ecosystem Planning and Management at a Bioregional Scale
A Central Role for Local Farmers in Ecoagriculture Development
Local Farmer Organizations for Landscape Management
Support Institutions for Ecoagriculture
Agricultural, Ecological, and Wildlife Research
Monitoring Wildlife in Agricultural Areas
Extension and Farmer Support
Education
Financing Investment in Ecoargiculture
Government Investment
Rural Financial Institutions
International Development Banks and Agencies
Conservation Trust Funds
Civil Society
Private Sector
Payments for Environmental Services
Conclusion
Chapter 12. Bringing Ecoagriculture into the
Mainstream
Ecoagriculture's Role In Conservation Strategies
Potential Scale of Adoption and Impact
Opportunities for Promoting Biodiversity in Agricultural Regions
Where Biodiversity Is the Top Priority
Where Agricultural Productivity Is the Top Priority
Challenges for Achieving Ecoagriculture
Working Together-Environmentalists, Agriculturalists, and Advocates
for the Poor
Innovation-Pushing the Research Frontier
Investment-Mobilizing Venture Capital for Ecoagriculture
Conclusion
Glossary
References
About the Authors
Index