PREFACE xiii
Chapter 1 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 1
Native Speakers and Grammar Study 1
Standard English 2
Judgments About English 4
The Legacy of the Eighteenth Century 7
Reflections 8
Chapter 2 HOW DO WE STUDY
ENGLISH GRAMMAR? 10
Why Do People Disagree About Grammar? 10
Who Is the Authority? 10
What Role Do Traditional Dictionaries Play? 10
Online Grammar Sources 12
Why Is There No One Standard? 13
Why Do Languages Change? 14
What Are the Common Elements of English? 16
Constituent Structure 16
Rules and Regularities 19
Reflections 20
Chapter 3 NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES 21
What Are Nouns? 21
What Are Some Common
Subcategories of Nouns? 23
What Makes Up a Noun Phrase? 26
Determiners 27
Predeterminers and Postdeterminers 29
What Are the Functions of Noun Phrases? 30
Subject 30
Direct Object 32
Indirect Object 33
Object of a Preposition 35
Complement 35
Verbal Nouns and Noun Phrases 36
Compounds 38
Reflections 40
Practice Exercises 42
Chapter 4 VERBS AND VERB PHRASES 46
What Are Verbs? 46
What About the Exceptions? 50
What Are Some Common
Subcategories of Verbs? 53
What Is Verb Tense? 57
What Makes Up a Verb Phrase? 63
What Are Nonfinite Verb Phrases? 66
Compounds 66
What Is Subject Verb Agreement? 67
Reflections 72
Practice Exercises 76
Chapter 5 PRONOUNS 80
What Are Pronouns? 80
Personal Pronouns 81
Reflexive Pronouns 88
Reciprocal Pronouns 91
Demonstrative Pronouns 91
Relative Pronouns 92
Interrogative Pronouns 94
Universal and Indefinite Pronouns 95
Reflections 97
Practice Exercises 99
Chapter 6 ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS 1
03What Are Adjectives? 103
How Do Adjectives Modify Nouns? 106
What Are Adjective Phrases? 108
What Are Adverbs? 109
Is All Well and Good? 112
What Are Adverb Phrases? 115
Reflections 116
Practice Exercises 117
Chapter 7 PREPOSITIONS AND PARTICLES 120
What Are Prepositions? 120
What Are Prepositional Phrases? 121
What Are Particles? 125
Reflections 127
Practice Exercises 128
Chapter 8 NEGATION 131
What Is Negation in Grammar? 131
Verb Negation 131
Negation of Indefinites 133
Noun Negation 135
Adjective and Adverb Negation 136
Negation of Compounds 137
Reflections 139
Practice Exercises 140
Chapter 9 VOICE 144
What Is Grammatical Voice? 144
How Is the Passive Voice Formed? 146
How Are Grammatical Relations
Determined in the Passive Voice? 147
Why Do We Need the Passive Voice? 149
What Is a Truncated Passive? 150
Reflections 152
Practice Exercises 153
Chapter 10 DISCOURSE FUNCTION 156
What Is Discourse Function? 156
Declaratives 157
Interrogatives 158
Yes No Questions 158
Wh Questions 160
Tag Questions 164
Minor Question Types 167
Imperatives 169
Exclamatives 170
Crossover Functions of Clause Types 171
Reflections 174
Practice Exercises 175
Chapter 11 COMBINING CLAUSES INTO
SENTENCES: COORDINATION 179
How Is a Sentence Different from a Clause? 179
Sentence Building Through Coordination 179
Clause Coordination and Ellipsis 183
Reflections 185
Practice Exercises 186
Chapter 12 COMBINING CLAUSES INTO
SENTENCES: SUBORDINATION 189
Sentence Building Through Subordination 189
Adverbial Clauses 191
Noun Clauses 194
Relative Clauses 199
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive
Relative Clauses 202
Reduced Relative Clauses 204
Naming Sentence Types 206
Reflections 208
Practice Exercises 210
Chapter 13 WHY STUDY ENGLISH GRAMMAR?
(ONCE MORE!) 215
Teaching Grammar 215
Final Reflections 217
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES 219
GLOSSARY 233
INDEX 241
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