Johnson TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Teaching in a Challenging World
Today’s Teachers
The Importance of Teachers to Society
The Public View of Teachers and Schools
Who Teaches in These Challenging Times?
Teacher Supply and Demand
Teaching as a Profession
Professional Responsibilities
Professional Knowledge
Professional Skills
Quality Assurance
Accreditation
Licensure
Advanced Certification
Standards
No Child Left Behind
Improving by Reflecting
Systematic Observation
Informal Note-Taking
Analysis of Practice and Reflection
Reflective Journaling
Folio/Portfolio Development
Beginning and Developing Your Career
Becoming Licensed
Searching for a Teaching Position
Salaries in a Changing World
Retirement Benefits
Working Conditions
Improving Through Experience
Developing as a Teacher
The Challenges of Becoming a Great Educator
Chapter 2 The Early History of Education in a Changing World
The Evolution of Schooling (To 476 ce)
Non-Western Education
Western Education
Education in the Middle Ages (476–1300)
The Dark Ages (400–1000)
The Revival of Learning
Education in Transition (1300–1700)
The Renaissance
The Reformation
Educational Awakening (1700)
The Age of Reason
Morality and Education
The Emergence of Common Man
Evolving Perspectives of Education in Our Rapidly
Developing Nation
Colonial Education
The Need for Secondary Schools
The Evolution of Teaching Materials
Using Technology to Help Understand History
Meager Early Education for Diverse Populations
Education of African Americans
Education of Asian Americans
Education of Hispanic Americans
Education of Women
Private Education in America
The Right of Private Schools to Exist
Parochial Schools
Learning from Educational History
Keeping Up on Historical and Current Research
Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives of Education
More Students and Bigger Schools
Enrollment Growth
Need for More Schools
Need for More Teachers
School District Consolidation
Growth of Busing
Bigger School Budgets
Rapid Curricular Growth and Changes
Growth of Special Education Programs
More Changes, Challenges, and Perspectives
Increasing Federal Involvement
The Professionalization of Teaching
Continued Importance of Private Schools
Home Schooling
Continuing/Adult Education
Evolution of Educational Testing
Changing Aims of Education
Committee of Ten
Seven Cardinal Principles
The Eight-Year Study
“Purposes of Education in American Democracy”
“Education for All American Youth”
“Imperative Needs of Youth”
Preparation of Teachers
European Beginnings of Teacher Training
Colonial Teachers
Teachers as Indentured Servants
Teaching Apprenticeships
Teacher Training in Academies
Normal Schools
State Teachers’ Colleges
Changes in Mid-Twentieth-Century Teacher Education
Recent Trends in Education
New Emphases in Education
Educational Critics
Major Educational Events of the Past Century
Looking Back to Help Us Look Ahead!
Chapter 4 Philosophy: Reflections on the
Essence of Education
Structure and Methodology of Philosophy
The Branches of Philosophy
Thinking as a Philosopher
Technology and Philosophy
The Teacher as Philosopher
Schools of Philosophy and Their Influence on Education
Idealism
Realism
Pragmatism
Existentialism
The Dynamic Relationship of Philosophy and Education
Eastern and Native North American Ways of Knowing
Eastern Ways of Knowing
Native North American Ways of Knowing
Matching Ideas from Eastern and Native North American Ways of Knowing to Your Own
Chapter 5 Building an Educational Philosophy in a Changing World
The Dynamic Relationship Between Philosophy and Education
Developing a Philosophy of Education
Building on the Philosophies of Others
Teacher-Centered Educational Philosophies
Essentialism
Behaviorism
Positivism
Student-Centered Educational Philosophies
Progressivism
Humanism
Constructivism
Developing Your Own Philosophy of Education
What Does an Educational Philosophy Look Like?
Learning Focus and Goals
Classroom Organization
Motivation
Classroom Management and Discipline
Classroom Climate
Personal Teaching and Learning Vision
Your Philosophy of Education beyond the Classroom
Teachers as Change Agents
Teachers as Leaders
Chapter 6 The Place of Schools in Society
Purposes of Schools
Academic Achievement
Workforce Readiness
Citizenship
Social Development
Cultural Transmission
The Role of Culture in Schools
Common Culture
Cultures of Families
Cultural Values
Culture of Schools
School Choices
Public Schools
Private Schools
Home Schooling
Innovative Options
School Levels
Early Childhood Education
Elementary Schools
Middle Level Education
High Schools
The Sense of Place: School Locations
Rural Communities
Suburban Communities
Urban Communities
Chapter 7 Diversity in Society and Schools
Race and Ethnicity
Race
Ethnicity
Immigration
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Education
Socioeconomic Status
Social Stratification
Class Structure
Poverty
Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement
Language
Language Diversity
Dialect Diversity
Education for Language Diversity
Gender
Differences Between Females and Males
Gender Equity in Education
Title IX
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Identity
Supporting LGBTQ Students
Exceptionalities
Inclusion
Disproportionate Placements
Response to Intervention
Religion
Religious Identity
Religion in Schools
Multicultural Education
Incorporating Diversity
Ensuring Equality
Teaching for Social Justice
Chapter 8 Students and Their Families
Today’s Families
Parenting
Economic Stress
Children Left Alone After School
Dangers Children and Youth Face
Child Abuse
Sexual Harassment
Bullying
Suicide
Challenges of the Teen Years
Sexuality and Pregnancy
Substance Abuse
Economic Realities
Prejudice and Discrimination
Prejudice
Discrimination
Racism
Sexism and Other “Isms”
Engagement in School
Leaving School Early
Resiliency
Access to Technology
Parent Involvement
Communicating with Families
Engaging Families
Chapter 9 Organizing and Paying for Education
School Districts: Organization and Finances
School District Organization
School District Expenditures
The Organization of Schools
The School Organization Chart
Innovations in School Organization
Organization of Education at the State Level
State Board of Education
Chief State School Officer
State Department of Education
State Legislature
Governor
Paying for Schools
Key Finance Questions
System of Taxation and Support for Schools
State Sources of Revenue
State Differences in the Funding of Education
Recent Challenges to School Finance Within the States
Entrepreneurial Efforts to Fund Education
State Aid
The Federal Government’s Role in Education
Leadership
The U.S. Department of Education
Educational Programs Operated by the Federal Government
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
Federal Aid
Technology for School Administration
Technology for School District Administration
Politics and Accountability in Education
Politics: Neither Positive nor Negative
Politics Across the Education System
School Politics
Accountability
Teacher Accountability
Chapter 10 Legal Perspectives on Education
Legal Aspects of Education
Legal Provisions for Education: The U.S. Constitution
Church and State
Segregation and Desegregation
Equal Opportunity
Opportunities for Students with Disabilities
Teachers’ Rights and Responsibilities
Conditions of Employment
Right to Bargain Collectively
Academic Freedom
Teacher Responsibilities and Liabilities
Uses of Social Media and the Law
E-mail
Social Networking Risks
Cheating with Technology
Students’ Rights and Responsibilities
Students’ Rights as Citizens
Students’ Rights and Responsibilities in School
Emerging Challenges
Chapter 11 Standards, Assessment, and Accountability
Education Standards
Conceptions of Standards for Student Learning
The Federal Role in Standards: A Historical Review
The Future of Standards-Based Education
Assessing student learning
What Is Assessment?
Purposes of Assessment
Types of Assessment Measures
Performance Measurement
Professional Aspects of Good Assessments
Assessing the Performance of Teachers
Accountability
Sources and Uses of Data for Accountability
Using Technology to Track Student Learning
International Comparisons
Testing Challenges
Equity Within Accountability
Chapter 12 Designing Programs for Learners in Challenging Times: Curriculum and Instruction
What Is Curriculum and How Does It Develop?
The Many Influences on Curriculum
Developing Curriculum
Curriculum Designs
Curriculum Resources
Selection and Management of Curriculum
The State’s Role in Managing Curriculum
The District’s Role in Managing Curriculum
Local Schools’ Role in Managing the Curriculum
Evaluating Curricula
National Curriculum Evaluation Studies
District and State Curriculum Evaluation Practices
Looking at Data from Local Assessments
Instruction: The Teaching Side of Curriculum
Instructional Objectives for Student Learning
Types of Instructional Objectives
Teaching Strategies
Direct Instruction
Indirect Instruction
Self-Regulated Learning Strategies
Organizing Students to Maximize Learning
Use of Technology to Enhance Instruction
Software Tools
Drill-and-Practice Technology
Tutorial Software Technology
Simulation and Virtual Reality Technology
Interactive Whiteboard Technology
Web-Based Collaboration and Social Networking Learning Tools
Assistive Technology for Special Needs Learners
Matching Instruction to Learners’ Needs
Differentiated Instruction
Teaching Strategies for English-Language Learners and Students with Disabilities
Monitoring Progress Through Data-Driven Instruction
Models for School Curriculum Reform
Professional Learning Communities
Success for All (SFA )
School Development Program (SDP)
Increased Emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)
Chapter 13 Becoming an Effective Teacher in a Challenging World
Different Perspectives for Viewing Education and Teaching
Recent Trends in Attempts to Improve Education
Continuing Pressures to Reform Schools
Each New President Has a New Agenda for Education
Findings from Education Research and Development: Another Pressure for Changes in Teaching and Schools
How to Recognize an Effective School
Data-Driven Decision Making
School Improvement Process
Professional Learning Communities
Parent and Community Involvement
High-Quality Teachers Who Communicate Effectively with Parents
Effective Principals
Checking a School for Indicators of High Quality
Evidence of Student Learning
Evidence of Effective Teaching
High-Quality Teachers Are Reflective and Have a Stated Educational Philosophy About Teaching and Learning
High-Quality Teachers Have Three General Types of Knowledge
High-Quality Teachers Constantly Change and Improve
Teachers Have Different Kinds of Concerns About Change
What Are Your Concerns About Becoming a Teacher?
Effective Teachers Seek Supportive Resources
Induction of New Teachers
The Future of Technology for Teaching and Student Learning
School-Based Administrators Can Be Important Supports for New Teachers
Effective Teachers Actively Participate in the Profession
Teacher Unions
National Education Association
American Federation of Teachers
Professional Associations
Be the Best You Can Be
A Final Word