This book provides a fundamental treatment of engineering hydraulics. It is intended to bridge the gap between basic principles and techniques applied to design and analysis of hydraulic engineering systems.
1 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF WATER
1.1 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pressure
1.2 The Three Phases of Water
1.3 Mass (Density) and Weight (Specific Weight)
1.4 Viscosity of Water
1.5 Surface Tension and Capillarity
1.6 Elasticity of Water
1.7 Forces in a Fluid Field
2 PRESSURE AND PRESSURE FORCES
2.1 The Free Surface of Water
2.2 Absolute and Gage Pressures
2.3 Surfaces of Equal Pressure
2.4 Manometers
2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Flat Surfaces
2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
2.7 Buoyancy
2.8 Flotation Stability
3 WATER FLOW IN PIPES
3.1 Description of Pipe Flow
3.2 The Reynolds Number
3.3 Forces in Pipe Flow
3.4 Energy in Pipe Flow
3.5 Loss of Head Due to Friction
3.6 Empirical Equations for Friction Head Loss
3.7 Friction Head Loss-Discharge Relationships
3.8 Loss of Head in Pipe Contractions
3.9 Loss of Head in Pipe Expansions
3.10 Loss of Head in Pipe Bends
3.11 Loss of Head in Pipe Valves
3.12 Method of Equivalent Pipes
3.12.1 Pipes in Series
3.12.2 Pipes in Parallel
4 PIPELINES AND PIPE NETWORKS
4.1 Pipelines Connecting Two Reservoirs
4.2 Negative Pressure Scenarios (Pipelines and Pumps)
4.3 Branching Pipe Systems
4.4 Pipe Networks
4.4.1 The Hardy Cross Method
4.4.2 The Newton Method
4.5 Water Hammer Phenomenon in Pipelines
4.6 Surge Tanks
5 WATER PUMPS
5.1 Centrifugal (Radial Flow) Pumps
5.2 Propeller (Axial Flow) Pumps
5.3 Jet (Mixed Flow) Pumps
5.4 Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves
5.5 Single Pump and Pipeline Analysis
5.6 Pumps in Parallel or in Series
5.7 Pumps and Branching Pipes
5.8 Pumps and Pipe Networks
5.9 Cavitation in Water Pumps
5.10 Specific Speed and Pump Similarity
5.11 Selection of a Pump
6 WATER FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS
6.1 Open Channel Flow Classifications
6.2 Uniform Flow in Open Channels
6.3 Hydraulic Efficiency of Open Channel Sections
6.4 Energy Principles in Open Channel Flow
6.5 Hydraulic Jumps
6.6 Gradually Varied Flow
6.7 Classifications of Gradually Varied Flow
6.8 Computation of Water Surface Profiles
6.9 Hydraulic Design of Open Channels
7 GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS
7.1 Movement of Ground Water
7.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well
7.2.1 Steady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers
7.2.2 Steady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
7.3 Unsteady Radial Flow to a Well
7.3.1 Unsteady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers
7.3.2 Unsteady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers
7.4 Field Determination of Aquifer Characteristics
7.4.1 Equilibrium Test in Confined Aquifers
7.4.2 Equilibrium Test in Unconfined Aquifers
7.4.3 Nonequilibrium Test
7.5 Aquifer Boundaries
7.6 Surface Investigations of Ground Water
7.6.1 The Electrical Resistivity Method
7.6.2 Seismic Wave Propagation Methods
7.7 Sea Water Intrusion in Coastal Areas
7.8 Seepage Through Dam Foundations
7.9 Seepage Through Earth Dams
8 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES
8.1 Functions of Hydraulic Structures
8.2 Dams-Functions and Classifications
8.3 Stability of Gravity and Arch Dams
8.3.1 Gravity Dams
8.3.2 Arch Dams
8.4 Small Earth Dams
8.5 Weirs
8.6 Overflow Spillways
8.7 Side-Channel Spillways
8.8 Siphon Spillways
8.9 Culverts
8.10 Stilling Basins
9 WATER PRESSURE, VELOCITY, AND DISCHARGE
MEASUREMENTS
9.1 Pressure Measurements
9.2 Velocity Measurements
9.3 Discharge Measurements in Pipes
9.4 Discharge Measurements in Open Channels
9.4.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs
9.4.2 Broad-Crested Weirs
9.4.3 Venturi Flumes
10 HYDRAULIC SIMILITUDE AND MODEL STUDIES
10.1 Dimensional Homogeneity
10.2 Principles of Hydraulic Similitude
10.3 Phenomena Governed by Viscous Forces — Reynolds Number
Law
10.4 Phenomena Governed by Gravity Forces — Froude Number
Law
10.5 Phenomena Governed by Surface Tension — Weber Number
Law
10.6 Phenomena Governed by Both Gravity and Viscous Forces
10.7 Models for Floating and Submerged Bodies
10.8 Open Channel Models
10.9 The Pi-Theorem
11 HYDROLOGY FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN
11.1 The Hydrologic Cycle
11.2 Precipitation
11.3 Design Storm
11.4 Surface Runoff and Stream Flow
11.5 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships — The Unit Hydrograph
11.6 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships — SCS Procedures
11.6.1 Losses from Rainfall and Rainfall Excess
11.6.2 Time of Concentration
11.6.3 SCS Synthetic Hydrograph
11.6.4 Summary of SCS Procedure
11.7 Storage Routing
11.8 Hydraulic Design — The Rational Method
11.8.1 Design of Stormwater Collection Systems
11.8.2 Design of Stormwater Pipes
12 STATISTICAL METHODS IN HYDROLOGY
12.1 Concepts of Probability
12.2 Statistical Parameters
12.3 Probability Distributions
12.3.1 Normal Distribution
12.3.2 Log-Normal Distribution
12.3.3 Gumbel Distribution
12.3.4 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution
12.4 Return Period and Hydrologic Risk
12.5 Frequency Analysis
12.5.1 Frequency Factors
12.5.2 Testing Goodness of Fit
12.5.3 Confidence Limits
12.6 Frequency Analysis Using Probability Graphs
12.6.1 Probability Graphs
12.6.2 Plotting Positions
12.6.3 Data Plotting and Theoretical Distributions
12.6.4 Estimating Future Magnitudes
12.7 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships
12.8 Applicability of Statistical Methods
SYMBOLS
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS
INDEX