Each chapter ends with a Chapter Summary and Supplemental Resources.
Preface
SECTION 1: BACKGROUND
Chapter 1: Classifying Human Biological Diversity: A Brief History
The Beginnings of Western Classification Systems
Classifying the Diversity
A Shift in Racial Classifications
Polygenism
More Measuring of Skulls and the Ideal Type
Typological Approach
Mendelian Genetics Enters the Game
Questioning the Usefulness of the Race Concept
A Genetic Definition of Race
Clines and Populations
So, Where Are We Today?
Chapter 2: The Genetic Basis of Human Variation
A Minimalist View of the Requirements for Inheritance via DNA
Mitosis Produces Identical Nuclear DNA in Daughter Cells
Meiosis Produces Haploid Daughter Cells
Human Chromosomes
The Processes of Cell Division
Mitosis
Meiosis
DNA
The Molecular Composition of DNA
Replication
Transcription
Translation
From Genotype to Phenotype
Dominance
Mutation
Substitutions
Insertions and Deletions
Recombinations
Translocations and Nondisjunctions
Mutation Frequencies
Basic Transmission Genetics: The Mendelian Laws
Mendel's First Law: Segregation of Alleles
Mendel's Second Law: Independent Assortment of Alleles
Beyond Mendel
Sex-Linked Inheritance
Mitochondrial DNA
What Is a Gene?
Chapter 3: Population Genetics and Human Variation
Probability Theory
Probability Rules
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Gene (Allele) Frequencies
Expected Genotype Frequencies
What Is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and Why Is It Important?
How Can We Tell If a Population Is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
Departures from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Multiple-Locus Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Assortative Mating
Inbreeding
Evolutionary Forces
Mutation
Selection
Drift
Migration
Combining Forces
SECTION 2: VARIATION IN GENES, SIMPLE GENETIC TRAITS, AND DNA MARKERS
Chapter 4: Blood Group Polymorphisms
Genetic Polymorphisms in the Blood
ABO, Secretor (FUT2), Hh (FUT1), and Lewis (FUT3) Systems
The ABO Blood Group System
Hh and Bombay
The Secretor System
The Lewis System
Geographical Distribution and Natural Selection of the ABO Histo-Blood Group System
Cholera
Syphilis (Treponemal Diseases)
Plague
Smallpox
Escherichia coli and Infectious Diarrhea
Blood Group Associations
Other Possible Selective Factors and the ABO System
The Rh System
The Rh System and Selection
The MNSs Blood Group System
The Duffy Blood Group System
The Lutheran Blood Group System
The Kell System
The Kidd Blood Group
Other Blood Groups
Chapter 5: Plasma Proteins and Red Cell Enzymes
Detection of Genetic Polymorphisms
The Immune System
Some Plasma Proteins
Haptoglobin (alpha 2-globulins)
Transferrin
Group-Specific Component or Vitamin D-Binding Protein
Pseudocholinesterase (Butyrylcholinesterase and Cholinesterase)
Immunoglobulins (Gm-Am and Km)
Apolipoproteins, Beta-Lipoproteins, and Beta 2-Glycoproteins
Ceruloplasmin
Other Plasma Proteins
Red Cell Enzymes
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Other Enzyme Systems of Anthropological Interest
Exploring Population Structure with Classical Markers
Example 1: The Irish Travelers or Tinkers
Example 2: The Origins of Indo-Europeans
Chapter 6: Human Hemoglobin Variants
Beginnings of Hemoglobin Research
The Hemoglobin Molecule and Hemoglobin Genes
Hemoglobin Variants
The Geographic Distribution of the Sickle Cell Allele
How Resistance to Falciparum Malaria Works
The Possibility of Differential Fertility
Origin of the Sickle Cell Allele
Single-Mutation Theory
Multiple-Mutation Theory
Other Hemoglobinopathies
Hemoglobin E
Hemoglobin C
Other Hemoglobinopathies of Anthropological Interest
Thalassemias
Alpha-Thalassemias
Beta-Thalassemias
Thalassemia Haplotypes
The Thalassemias and Natural Selection
Chapter 7: Human Leukocyte Antigen and Some Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest
The Major Histocompatibility Complex
Location and Organization of the MHC
Linkage Disequilibrium
HLA and Disease Associations
HLA and Population Diversity
Lactase Restriction and Persistence
Taste: Phenylthiocarbamide (6-n-Propylthiouracil)
Variation in Ear Wax or Cerumen
Chapter 8: DNA Markers
Molecular Genetic Techniques and DNA Variation
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
Insertions and Deletions
Interspersed Nuclear Elements: SINEs and LINEs
DNA Sequencing
Tandem Repeats
Two DNA Vignettes from Across the Globe
Human Colonization of Oceania: "Express Trains," "Slow Boats," "Entangled Banks," and Embittered Battles
The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Diaspora
How Many Races Are Documented in Our DNA?
DNA Markers and Individual Variation
Thomas Jefferson and the Descendants of Sally Hemings
Who Is Buried in Jesse James' Grave?
SECTION 3: VARIATION IN COMPLEX TRAITS
Chapter 9. Quantitative Variation
The Mendelian Basis for Quantitative Trait Variation
Components of Variation for a Quantitative Trait
Estimation of Narrow Sense Heritability
Narrow Sense Heritability of the Cephalic Index
Multiple Quantitative Traits
Evolution and Quantitative Traits
Mutation
Selection
Genetic Drift and Migration
Chapter 10. Anthropometric Variation
Anthropometric Measures
Body Measures
Skinfolds
Head Measures
Variation Within Populations
Genetics
Human Growth
Aging
Sexual Dimorphism
Environmental Variations
Correlations with Climate
High-Altitude Adaptation
Chapter 11: Pigmentation
Skin Color
The Biology of Skin Color
Variation in Human Skin Color
The Evolution of Human Skin Color
Selection for Dark Skin
Selection for Light Skin
Other Aspects of Human Pigmentation
Hair Color
Eye Color
SECTION 4: POPULATION STUDIES AND HUMAN BEHAVIORS
Chapter 12: Population Structure and Population History
Genetic Distance
Computing Genetic Distance
The Representation of Genetic Distance
Population Structure
Factors Affecting Population Structure
Case Study: The Aland Islands
Case Studies in Population History
The Origin of Native Americans
Admixture in African Americans
The Population History of Ireland
Global Genetic Diversity and the Evolution of the Human Species
Evolutionary Context
Patterns of Genetic Diversity
Conclusion?
Chapter 13: Genetics, Behavior, and Human Variation
Human Behavioral Genetics
Genetics, Environment, and Behavior
Methods of Behavioral Genetics
Case Studies in Behavioral Genetics
Dyslexia
Sexual Orientation
IQ Test Scores
Glossary
References
Index