Introduction and Plan of the Work 10
BOOK I.
Of the Causes of Improvement in the productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order according to which its Produce is naturally distributed among the different Ranks of the People
CHAPTER I
Of the Division of Labour 13
CHAPTER II
Of the Principle which gives occasion to the Division of Labour 25
CHAPTER III
That the Division of Labour is limited by the Extent of the Market 31
CHAPTER IV
Of the Origin and Use of Money 37
CHAPTER V
Of the real and nominal Price of Commodities, or of their Price in Labour, and their Price in Money 47
CHAPTER VI
Of the component Parts of the Price of Commodities 65
CHAPTER VII
Of the natural and market Price of Commodities 72
CHAPTER VIII
Of the Wages of Labour 82
CHAPTER IX
Of the Profits of Stock 105
CHAPTER X
Of Wages and Profit in the different Employments of Labour and Stock 116
Part I. Inequalities arising from the Nature of the Employments themselves 116
Part II. Inequalities occasioned by the Policy of Europe 135
CHAPTER XI
Of the Rent of Land 160
Part I. Of the Produce of Land which always affords Rent 162
Part II. Of the Produce of Land which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent 178
Part III. Of the Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of that Sort of Produce which always affords Rent, and of that which sometimes does, and sometimes does not, afford Rent 193
Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver during the Course of the Four last Centuries
First Period 195
Second Period 210
Third Period 211
Variations in the Proportion between the respective Values of Gold and Silver 228
Grounds of the Suspicion that the Value of Silver still continues to decrease 234
Different Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of three different Sorts of rude Produce 234
First Sort 235
Second Sort 237
Third Sort 246
Conclusion of the Digression concerning the Variations in the Value of Silver 255
Effects of the Progress of Improvement upon the real Price of Manufactures 260
Conclusion of the Chapter 264
BOOK II.
Of the Nature, Accumulation, and Employment of Stock
INTRODUCTION 276
CHAPTER I
Of the Division of Stock 279
CHAPTER II
Of Money considered as a particular Branch of the general Stock of the Society, or of the Expence of maintaining the National Capital 286
CHAPTER III
Of the Accumulation of Capital, or of productive and unproductive Labour 330
CHAPTER IV
Of Stock lent at Interest 350
CHAPTER V
Of the different Employment of Capitals 360
BOOK III
Of the different Progress of Opulence in different Nations
CHAPTER I
Of the natural Progress of Opulence 376
CHAPTER II
Of the Discouragement of Agriculture in the antient State of Europe after the Fall of the Roman Empire 381
CHAPTER III
Of the Rise and Progress of Cities and Towns, after the Fall of the Roman Empire 397
CHAPTER IV
How the Commerce of the Towns contributed to the Impovement of the Country 411
BOOK IV
Of Systems of political Oeconomy
INTRODUCTION 428
CHAPTER I
Of the Principle of the commercial, or mercantile System 429
CHAPTER II
Of Restraints upon the Importation from foreign Countries of such Goods as can be produced at Home 452
CHAPTER III
Of the extraordinary Restraints upon the Importation of Goods of almost all Kinds, from those Countries with which the Balance is supposed to be disadvantageous
Part I. Of the Unreasonableness of those Restraints even upon the Principles of the Commercial System 473
Digression concerning Banks of Deposit, particularly concerning that of Amsterdam 479
Part II. Of the Unreasonableness of those extraordinary Restraints upon other Principles 488
CHAPTER IV
Of Drawbacks 499
CHAPTER V
Of Bounties 505
Digression concerning the Corn Trade and Corn Laws 524
CHAPTER VI
Of Treaties of Commerce 545
CHAPTER VII
Of Colonies
Part I. Of the Motives for establishing new Colonies 556
Part II. Causes of the Prosperity of new Colonies 564
Part III. Of the Advantages which Europe has derived from the Discovery of America, and from that of a Passage to the East Indies by the Cape of Good Hope 591
CHAPTER VIII
Conclusion of the Mercantile System 642
CHAPTER IX
Of the agricultural Systems, or of those Systems of political Oeconomy, which represent the Produce of Land, as either the sole or the principal Source of the Revenue and Wealth of every Country 663
BOOK V
Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth
CHAPTER I
Of the Expences of the Sovereign or Commonwealth
Part I. Of the Expence of Defence 689
Part II. Of the Expence of Justice 708
Part III. Of the Expence of publick Works and publick Institutions 723
Of the Publick Works and Institutions for facilitating the Commerce of the Society
And, first, of those which are necessary for facilitating Commerce in general 724
Of the Publick Works and Institutions which are necessary for facilitating particular Branches of Commerce 731
Article 2d. Of the Expence of the Institutions for the Education of Youth 758
Article 3d. Of the Expence of the Institutions for the Instruction of People of all Ages 788
Part IV. Of the Expence of supporting the Dignity of the Sovereign 814
Conclusion of the Chapter 814
CHAPTER II
Of the Sources of the general or publick Revenue of the Society
Part I. Of the Funds or Sources of Revenue which may peculiarly belong to the Sovereign or Commonwealth 817
Part II. Of Taxes 825
Article 1st. Taxes upon Rent; Taxes upon the Rent of Land 828
Taxes which are proportioned, not to the Rent, but to the Produce of Land 836
Taxes upon the Rent of Houses 840
Article 2d. Taxes upon Profit, or upon the Revenue arising from Stock 847
Taxes upon the Profit of particular Employments 852
Appendix to Articles 1st and 2d. Taxes upon the Capital Value of Lands, Houses, and Stock 858
Article 3d. Taxes upon the Wages of Labour 864
Article 4th. Taxes which, it is intended, should fall indifferently upon every different Species of Revenue
Capitation Taxes 867
Taxes upon consumable Commodities 869
CHAPTER III
Of publick Debts 907
[Appendix] 948