Featuring selections from philosophers from the earliest times to the present, this anthology provides significant learning support and historical context for the readings, along with a wide variety of pedagogical assists. Biographical Headnotes, Reading Introductions, Study Questions, and special Prologues and Philosophical overviews help students
With selections of philosophers from the earliest times to the present, this anthology provides significant learning support and historical context with biographical introductions, topic Prologs, reading introductions and Philosophical Overviews, Philosophical Bridges describing historical influences, study questions, and Codas placing major movements in contemporary context.
A. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY. General Introduction.
I. EARLY ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY.
Prologue to Early Ancient Greek Philosophy.
Thales: Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Anaximander: Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: The Milesian Influence.
Pythagoras: Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: the Pythagorean Influence.
Heraclitus: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: the Influence of Heraclitus.
Parmenides: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: The Parmenidean Influence.
Zeno of Elea: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Democritus: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Atomism.
Protagoras: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Philosophical Bridges: The Early Ancient Influence.
Bibliography.
II. PLATO.
Prologue to Plato.
Plato: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Euthyphro.
Apology.
Crito.
Meno— selections.
Phaedo—selections.
Republic—selections.
Parmenides—selections.
Theaetetus—selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Platonic Influence.
Bibliography.
III. ARISTOTLE.
Prologue to Aristotle.
Aristotle: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Categories, selections.
On Interpretation, selections.
Physics, selections.
Metaphysics, selections.
On the Soul, selections.
Nicomachean Ethics, selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Aristotelian Influence.
Bibliography.
IV. HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PHILOSOPHY.
Prologue to Hellenistic and Roman Philosophy.
A. Epicureanism.
Epicurus: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Letter to Menoeceus— selection.
Principal Doctrines— selection.
Lucretius: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
On the Nature of Things (Selections).
B. Stoicism.
Zeno of Citium: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Fragments.
Epictetus: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Encheiridion (The Manual).
C. Skepticism.
Sextus Empiricus: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Outlines of Pyrrhonism.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Skepticism.
Philosophical Bridges: The Hellenistic and Roman Influence.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Ancient Influence.
B. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY.
General Introduction.
I. AUGUSTINE.
Prologue to Augustine.
Augustine: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Confessions— selections.
Enchiridion— selections.
The City of God— selections.
“Self Knowledge and the Nature of Mind.”
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Augustine.
Bibliography.
II. THE EARLY MEDIEVALS.
Prologue to the Early Medievals.
A. BOETHIUS.
Prologue to Boethius.
Boethius: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Commentaries on the Isagoge of Porphyry— selections.
Consolation of Philosophy— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Boethius.
Bibliography.
B. ANSELM.
Prologue to Anselm.
Anselm: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Proslogion — selections.
Monologium— selections.
In Behalf of the Fool: A Dialog —selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Anselm.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Early Medieval Influence.
III. ISLAMIC AND JEWISH PHILOSOPHERS of the MIDDLE AGES.
Prologue to Islamic and Jewish Philosophy.
A. IBN SINA (AVICENNA).
Prologue to Ibn Sina.
Ibn Sina: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Concerning the Soul— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Ibn Sina's Influence.
Bibliography.
B. AVERROES (IBN RUSHD).
Prologue to Averroes.
Averroes: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
“Long Commentary on De Anima”— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Averroes.
Bibliography.
C. MAIMONIDES (MOSES BEN MAIMON).
Prologue to Maimonides.
Maimonides: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Guide for the Perplexed— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Maimonides.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Islamic and Jewish Influence.
Bibliography.
IV. AQUINAS.
Prologue to Aquinas.
Aquinas: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Summa Contra Gentiles— selections.
Summa Theologica— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Thomistic Influence.
Bibliography.
V. THIRTEENTH CENTURY AND LATE MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHERS.
Prologue to Thirteenth Century and Late Medieval Philosophy.
A. ROGER BACON.
Prolog to Roger Bacon.
Roger Bacon: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Roger Bacon's Influence.
Bibliography.
B. WILLIAM OF OCKHAM.
Prolog to William of Ockham.
William of Ockham: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Philosophical Writings— selections.
C. NICHOLAS OF CUSA.
Prolog to Nicholas of Cusa.
Nicholas of Cusa: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Of Learned Ignorance— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Nicholas of Cusa's Influence.
Bibliography.
D. GIORDANO BRUNO.
Prolog to Bruno.
Giordano Bruno: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Concerning the Cause, the Principle, and the One— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Bruno's Influence.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Thirteenth Century and Late Medieval Influence.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Medieval Influence.
C. MODERN PHILOSOPHY.
General Introduction.
I. RATIONALISM.
Prologue to Rationalism.
Renè Descartes: A Historical Biography.
Philosophical Overview.
Meditations.
Philosophical Bridges: The Cartesian Influence.
Baruch Spinoza: A Historical Biography.
Philosophical Overview.
Ethics.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Spinoza.
Gottfried Leibniz: A Historical Biography.
Philosophical Overview.
Letters to Arnauld.
Primary Truths..
New System.
Monadology.
Letters to Clarke: Third and Fourth letters.
Philosophical Bridges: Leibniz's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Rationalists.
Bibliography.
II. EMPIRICISM.
Prolog to Empiricism.
Thomas Hobbes: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The Leviathan.
Philosophical Bridges: Hobbes' Influence.
John Locke: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Philosophical Bridges: Locke's Influence.
George Berkeley: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge.
Philosophical Bridges: Berkeley's Influence.
David Hume: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding.
Philosophical Bridges: Hume's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Empiricists.
Bibliography.
III. ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY.
Prologue to Enlightenment Philosophy.
Jean Jacques Rousseau: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
On the Social Contract.
Philosophical Bridges: Rousseau's Influence.
Immanuel Kant: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Critique of Pure Reason.
Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals.
Philosophical Bridges: Kant's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Enlightenment Philosophers.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Modern Influence.
D. 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY.
General Introduction.
I. GERMAN IDEALISM.
Prologue to German Idealism.
A. Fichte.
Fichte: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The Science of Knowledge— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Fichte's Influence.
B. Schelling.
Schelling: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
System of Transcendental Idealism— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Schelling's Influence.
C. Hegel.
Hegel: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Philosophy of Mind— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Hegel's Influence.
D. Schopenhauer.
Schopenhauer: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The World as Will and Idea— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Schopenhauer's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of German Idealism.
II. BRITISH IDEALISM.
Prologue to British Idealism.
A. Bradley.
Bradley: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Appearance and Reality: A Metaphysical Essay— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Bradley's Influence.
B. McTaggart.
McTaggart: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: McTaggart's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of British Idealism.
Bibliography.
III. EXISTENTIALISM.
Prologue to Existentialism.
A. Kierkegaard.
Kierkegaad: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Either/Or—selections.
Concluding Unscientific Postscript— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Kierkegaard's Influence.
B. Nietzsche.
Nietzsche: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Beyond Good and Evil— selections.
The Will to Power— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Nietzsche's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Existentialism.
Bibliography.
IV. PHENOMENOLOGY.
Prologue to Phenomenology.
A. Brentano.
Brentano: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint —selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Brentano's Influence.
B. Husserl.
Husserl: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Husserl's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Phenomenology.
Bibliography.
V. LOGICISM.
Prologue to Logicism.
A. Boole.
Boole: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
George, The Laws of Thought— selections.
Philosophical Bridges: Boole's Influence.
B. Frege.
Frege: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
“On Sense and Reference.”
Philosophical Bridges: Frege's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Logicism.
Bibliography.
VI. UTILITARIANISM AND MARXISM.
Prologue to Utilitarianism and Marxism.
A. Mill.
Mill: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Utilitarianism, selections.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Utilitarianism.
B. Marx.
Marx: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Communist Manifesto selections.
“Alienation,” from Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844Manuscripts.
Philosophical Bridges: The Marxist Influence.
Bibliography.
VII. AMERICAN PRAGMATISM.
Prologue to Pragmatism.
A. Peirce.
Peirce: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
“The Fixation of Belief.”
Philosophical Bridges: Pierce's Influence.
B. James.
James: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
“The Will to Believe.”
Philosophical Bridges: James's Influence.
C. Dewey.
Dewey: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The Development of American Pragmatism.
Philosophical Bridges: Dewey's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Pragmatism.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of 19th Century Philosophy.
E. 20th CENTURY PHILOSOPHY.
General Introduction.
I. LOGICAL ATOMISM.
Prologue to Logical Atomism.
A. Bertrand Russell: A Biographical History
Philosophical Overview
'Descriptions,'Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy.
Philosophical Bridges: Russell's Influence.
B. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Biographical History, Part I.
Philosophical Overview.
Tractatus Logicus Philosophicus.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Early Wittgenstein.
Philosophical Bridges: The Logical Atomist Influence.
Bibliography.
II. THE LOGICAL POSITIVISTS.
Prologue to Logical Positivism.
A. Carnap: A Biographical History.
'The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle.'.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Vienna Circle.
B. A.J. Ayer: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
'The Elimination of Metaphysics,' from Language, Truth and Logic.
Philosophical Bridges: Ayer's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Logical Positivism.
Bibliography.
III. ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY.
Prologue to Ordinary Language Philosophy.
A. Gilbert Ryle: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
'Descartes Myth,'Concept of Mind.
Philosophical Bridges: Ryle's Influence.
B. Ludwig Wittgenstein: A Biographical History, Part II.
Philosophical Overview.
Philosophical Investigations.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of the Later Wittgenstein.
Philosophical Bridges: The Ordinary Language Influence.
Bibliography.
IV. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY.
Prologue to Analytic Philosophy.
A. W.V.O. Quine: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
'Two Dogmas of Empiricism,'From a Logical Point of View.
Philosophical Bridges: Quine's Influence.
B. Donald Davidson: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
'Mental Events,' from Essays on Actions and Events.
Philosophical Bridges: Davidson's Influence.
C. Thomas Kuhn: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.
Philosophical Bridges: Kuhn's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Analytic Influence.
Bibliography.
V. PHENOMENOLOGY AND EXISTENTIALISM.
Prologue to Phenomenology and Existentialism.
A. Edmund Husserl: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology.
Philosophical Bridges: Husserl's Influence.
B. Martin Heidegger: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Being and Time.
Philosophical Bridges: Heidegger's Influence.
C. Jean-Paul Sartre: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Being and Nothingness, An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology.
Philosophical Bridges: Sartre's Influence.
D. Maurice Merleau-Ponty: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Phenomenology of Perception.
Philosophical Bridges: Merleau-Ponty's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Influence of Phenomenology and Existentialism.
Bibliography.
VI. HERMENEUTICS AND THE POST-MODERNISM.
Prologue to Hermeneutics and Post-Modernism.
A. Hans Georg Gadamer: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Truth and Method.
Philosophical Bridges: Gadamer's Influence.
B. Jurgen Habermas: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action.
Philosophical Bridges: Habermas's Influence.
Michel Foucault: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Power and Knowledge.
Technologies of the Self,' from Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth.
'The Ethics of the Concern for Self as a Practice of Freedom.'
Philosophical Bridges: Foucault's Influence.
D. Jacques Derrida: A Biographical History.
Philosophical Overview.
Derrida, Positions.
Philosophical Bridges: Derrida's Influence.
Philosophical Bridges: The Hermeneutic and Post-Modernist Influence.
Bibliography.
Philosophical Bridges: The 20th Century Influence.