Note: All chapters close with a
conclusion and a full-page
Chapter Review section.
Prologue: The Beginnings of Human Society
The Paleolithic Age, 200,000-10,000 B.C.E.
The Neolithic Age, 10,000-4000 B.C.E.
New Sources, New Perspectives: Daily Bread, Damaged Bones, and Cracked Teeth
1. Early Western Civilization, 4000-1000 B.C.E.
The Controversial Concept of Western Civilization
Mesopotamia, Home of the First Civilization, 4000-1000 B.C.E.
Egypt, the First Unified Country, 3050-1000 B.C.E.
The Hittites, Minoans, and Mycenaeans, 2200-1000 B.C.E.
Terms of History: Civilization
Document: Hammurabis Laws for Physicians
Document: Declaring Innocence on Judgment Day in Ancient Egypt
2. The Near East and the Emergence of Greece, 1000-500 B.C.E.
From Dark Age to Empire in the Near East, 1000-500 B.C.E.
Remaking Greek Civilization, 1000-750 B.C.E.
The Creation of the Greek Polis, 750-500 B.C.E.
New Directions for the Polis, 750-500 B.C.E.
Document: Homers Vision of Justice in the Polis
Seeing History: Shifting Sculptural Expression: From Egypt to Greece
Document: Cyrene Records Its Foundation as a Greek Colony
Taking Measure: Greek Family Size and Agricultural Labor in the Archaic Age
Contrasting Views: Persians Debate Democracy, Oligarchy, and Monarchy
3. The Greek Golden Age c. 500-c. 400 B.C.E.
Wars between Persia and Greece, 499-479 B.C.E.
Athenian Confidence in the Golden Age, 478-431 B.C.E.
Tradition and Innovation in Athenss Golden Age
The End of the Golden Age, 431-403 B.C.E.
Document: Athenian Regulations for a Rebellious Ally
Contrasting Views: The Nature of Women and Marriage
Document: Sophists Argue Both Sides of a Case
Taking Measure: Military Forces of Athens and Sparta at the Beginning of the Peloponnesian War (431 B.C.E.)
4. From the Classical to the Hellenistic World, 400-30 B.C.E.
Classical Greece after the Peloponnesian War, 400-350 B.C.E.
The Rise of Macedonia, 359-323 B.C.E.
The Hellenistic Kingdoms, 323-30 B.C.E.
Hellenistic Culture
Document: Aristotle on the Nature of the Greek Polis
Document: Epigrams by Women Poets
New Sources, New Perspectives: Papyrus Discoveries and Menanders Comedies
5. The Rise of Rome, 753-44 B.C.E.
Roman Social and Religious Traditions
From Monarchy to Republic
Roman Imperialism and Its Consequences
Upheaval in the Late Republic
Document: The Rape and Suicide of Lucretia
Taking Measure: Census Records during the First and Second Punic Wars
Document: Polybius on Roman Military Discipline
Contrasting Views: What Was Julius Caesar Like?
6. The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.-284 C.E.
Creating the Pax Romana
Maintaining the Pax Romana
The Emergence of Christianity
The Third-Century Crisis
Document: Augustus, Res Gestae (My Accomplishments)
Document: The Scene at a Roman Bath
Contrasting Views: Christians in the Empire: Conspirators or Faithful Subjects?
Taking Measure: The Value of Roman Imperial Coinage, 27 B.C.E.-300 C.E.
7. The Transformation of the Roman Empire, 284-600 C.E.
Reorganizing the Empire, 284-395
Christianizing the Empire, 312-c. 540
Non-Roman Kingdoms in the West, c. 370-550s
The Roman Empire in the East, c. 500-565
Document: Diocletians Edict On Maximum Prices and Wages
Taking Measure: Peasants Use of Farm Produce in the Roman Empire
Document: The Edict of Milan on Religious Liberty
Seeing History: Changing Religious Beliefs: Pagan and Christian Sarcophaguses
New Sources, New Perspectives: Was There a Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire?
8. Islam, Byzantium, and the West, 600-750
Islam: A New Religion and a New Empire
Byzantium: A Christian Empire under Siege
Western Europe: A Medley of Kingdoms
Terms of History: Medieval
Document: The Fatihah of the Quran
Seeing History: Who Conquered Whom? A Persian and an Arabic Coin Compared
Taking Measure: Church Repair, 600-900
Document: On Holy Images
New Sources, New Perspectives: Anthropology, Archaeology, and Changing Notions of Ethnicity
9. Emperors, Caliphs, and Local Lords, 750-1050
The Emperor and Local Elites in the Byzantine Empire
The Caliphate and Its Fragmentation
The Creation and Division of a New European Empire
After the Carolingians: The Emergence of Local Rule
Document: The Book of the Prefect
Document: When She Approached
Contrasting Views: Charlemagne: Roman Emperor, Father of Europe, or the Chief Bishop?
Terms of History: Feudalism
Taking Measure: Sellers, Buyers, and Donors, 800-1000
10. Merchants and Kings, Popes and Crusaders, 1050-1150
The Commercial Revolution
Church Reform
The Crusades
The Revival of Monarchies
Document: A Byzantine View of Papal Primacy
Contrasting Views: The First Crusade
New Sources, New Perspectives: The Cairo Geniza
Document: Penances for the Invaders, 1070
Taking Measure: Slaves in England in 1086
11. The Flowering of the Middle Ages, 1150-1215
New Schools and Churches
Governments as Institutions
The Growth of a Vernacular High Culture
Religious Fervor and Crusade
Seeing History: Romanesque vs. Gothic: The View Down the Nave
Contrasting Views: Magna Carta
Document: Fredericks Reply to the Romans
Document: The Childrens Crusade, 1212
12. The Medieval Search for Order, 1215-1340
The Churchs Mission
The Medieval Synthesis
The Politics of Control
New Sources, New Perspectives: The Peasants of Montaillou
Taking Measure: Sentences Imposed by an Inquisitor, 1308-1323
Document: The Debate between Reason and the Lover
Document: Ausculta Fili (Listen, beloved son)
13. Crisis and Renaissance, 1340-1492
Crisis: Disease, War and Schism
The Renaissance: New Forms of Thought and Expression
Consolidating Power
Taking Measure: Population Losses and the Black Death
Contrasting Views: Joan of Arc: Who Was Òthe MaidÓ?
Document: Wat Tylers Rebellion, 1381
Terms of History: Renaissance
Document: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Oration on the Dignity of Man
14. Global Encounters and Religious Reforms, 1492-1560
Widening Horizons
The Protestant Reformation
Reshaping Society through Religion
A Struggle for Mastery
Seeing History: Expanding Geographic Knowledge: World Maps in an Age of Exploration
Document: Columbus Describes His First Voyage, 1493
Contrasting Views: Martin Luther: Holy Man or Heretic?
Document: Ordinances for Calvinist Churches, 1547
15. Wars of Religion and the Clash of World Views, 1560-1648
Religious Conflicts Threaten State Power, 1560-1618
The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648
Economic Crisis and Realignment
The Rise of Secular and Scientific Worldviews
Document: Hans Grimmelshausen, The Horrors of the Thirty Years War
Taking Measure: The Rise and Fall of Silver Imports to Spain, 1550-1660
New Sources, New Perspectives: Tree Rings and the Little Ice Age
Seeing History: Religious Differences in Painting of the Baroque Period: Rubens and Rembrandt
Document: Sentence Pronounced Against Galileo
16. State Building and the Search for Order, 1648-1690
Louis XIV: Absolutism and its Limits
Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe
Constitutionalism in England
Outposts of Constitutionalism
The Search for Order in Elite and Popular Culture
Document: Marie de Sevignes Description of the French Court
Taking Measure: The Seventeenth-Century Army
Contrasting Views: The English Civil War
Document: John Miltons Defense of Freedom of the Press
17. The Atlantic System and Its Consequences, 1690-1740
The Atlantic System and the World Economy
New Social and Cultural Patterns
Consolidation of the European State System
The Birth of the Enlightenment
New Sources, New Perspectives: Oral History and the Life of Slaves
Document: The Social Effects of Growing Consumption
Taking Measure: Relationship of Crop Harvested to Seed Used, 1400-1800
Terms of History: Progress
Document: Voltaire, Letters Concerning the English Nation, 1733
18. The Promise of Enlightenment, 1740-1789
The Enlightenment at Its Height
Society and Culture in an Age of Enlightenment
State Power in an Era of Reform
Rebellions against State Power
Terms of History: Enlightenment
Document: Denis Diderot, "Encyclopedia," 1755
Contrasting Views: Women and the Enlightenment
Taking Measure: World Population Growth, 1700-1800
Document: Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776
19. The Cataclysm of Revolution, 1789-1799
The Revolutionary Wave, 1787-1789
From Monarchy to Republic, 1789-1793
Terror and Resistance
Revolution on the March
Terms of History: Revolution
Document: The Rights of Minorities
Contrasting Views: Consequences of the French Revolution
Document: Address to the National Assembly in Favor of the Abolition of the Slave Trade, February 5, 1790
20. Napoleon and the Revolutionary Legacy, 1800-1830
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
"Europe Was at My Feet": Napoleons Conquests
The "Restoration" of Europe
Challenges to the Conservative Order
Contrasting Views: Napoleon: For and Against
Document: An Ordinary Soldier on Campaign with Napoleon
Document: Wordsworths Poetry
Seeing History: The Clothing Revolution: The Social Meaning of Changes in Post-Revolutionary Fashion
21. Industrialization and Social Ferment, 1830-1850
The Industrial Revolution
Reforming the Social Order
Ideologies and Political Movements
The Revolutions of 1848
Taking Measure: Railroad Lines, 1830-1850
New Sources, New Perspectives: Statistics and the Standard of Living of the Working Class
Document: Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto
Document: Alexis de Tocqueville describes the June Days in Paris, 1848
22. Politics and Culture of the Nation-State, 1850-1870
The End of the Concert of Europe
War and Nation Building
Establishing Social Order
The Culture of Social Order
Terms of History: Nationalism
Seeing History: Photographing the Nation: Domesticity and War
Document: Bismarck Tricks the Public to Get His War
Document: Mrs. Seacole: The Other Florence Nightingale
23. Empire and Everyday Life, 1870-1890
The Advance of Industry in an Age of Empire
The New Imperialism
Imperial Society and Culture
The Birth of Mass Politics
Taking Measure: The Decline of Illiteracy
Document: Imperialisms Popularity among the People
Contrasting Views: Experiences of Migration
Document: Henrik Ibsen, A Dolls House
24. Modernity and the Road to War, c. 1890-1914
Public Debate over Private Life
Modernity and the Revolt in Ideas
Growing Tensions in Mass Politics
European Imperialism Challenged
Roads to War
Terms of History: Modern
New Sources, New Perspectives: Psychohistory and Its Lessons
Document: Leon Pinsker Calls for a Jewish State
Document: An Historian Promotes Militant Nationalism
25. World War I and Its Aftermath 1914-1929
The Great War, 1914-1918
Protest, Revolution, and Wars End, 1917-1918
The Search for Peace in an Era of Revolution
The Aftermath of War: Europe in the 1920s
Mass Culture and the Rise of Modern Dictators
Contrasting Views: Arguing with the Victors
Taking Measure: The Growth of Radio, 1924-1929
Document: Outbreak of the Russian Revolution
Document: Battlefield Tourism
Seeing History: Demonizing the Enemy Italian Propaganda Posters from World War I
26. The Great Depression and World War II, 1929-1945
The Great Depression
Totalitarian Triumph
Democracies on the Defensive
The Road to Global War
World War II, 1939-1945
Terms of History: Totalitarianism
Contrasting Views: Stalin and Hitler: For and Against
Document: The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
New Sources, New Perspectives: Museums and Memory
Document: A Family Copes with Unemployment
27. The Cold War and the Remaking of Europe, C. 1945-1965
World Politics Transformed
Political and Economic Recovery in Europe
Decolonization in a Cold War Climate
Cultural Life on the Brink of Nuclear War
New Sources, New Perspectives: Government Archives and the Truth about the Cold War
Document: The Schuman Plan on European Unity, 1950
Taking Measure: World Manufacturing Output, 1950-1970
Document: Consumerism, Youth, and the Birth of the Generation Gap
28. Postindustrial Society and the End of the Cold War Order, 1965-1989
The Revolution in Technology
Postindustrial Society and Culture
Protesting Cold War Conditions
The Testing of Superpower Domination and the End of the Cold War
Contrasting Views: Feminist Debates
Document: Margaret Thatchers Economic Vision
Document: Tatiana Tolstoya Criticizes Mikhail Gorbachev
Seeing History: Political Art: Soviet Socialist Realism and Dissident Painting
29. The New Globalism: Opportunities and Dilemmas, 1989 to the Present
The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Its Aftermath
The Nation-State in a Global Age
Challenges from an Interconnected World
Global Culture and Society in the New Millennium
Conclusion: The Making of the West Continues
Document: Vaclav Havel, "Czechoslovakia is Returning to Europe"
Document: The European Green Party Becomes Transnational, 2006
Taking Measure: World Population Growth, 1950-2007
Contrasting Views: The Dutch Debate Immigration
Appendix: Useful Facts and Figures
Glossary
Suggested References