Synopses & Reviews
The Practical Skeptic, a concise introduction to sociology, focuses on core concepts as the central building blocks for understanding sociology. Lisa McIntyre's straightforward, lively, even humorous style and her emphasis on critical thinking make this an engaging and user-friendly text for students of all levels. Through this conversational narrative, students are able to grasp key sociological concepts and learn the essential lesson that there is much that goes on in the social world that escapes the sociologically untrained eye.
About the Author
Lisa J. McIntyre is associate professor in sociology at Washington State University. She received the PhD in sociology from The University of Chicago. She is the author of three books including The Public Defender: The Practice of Law in the Shadows of Repute; Law in the Sociological Enterprise and The Practical Skeptic: Core Concepts in Sociology and the editor of The Practical Skeptic: Readings in Sociology. With Marvin Sussman, McIntyre edited Families and Law. An enthusiastic teacher and popular lecturer, McIntyre is a winner of Washington State Universitys William F. Mullen Teaching Medal and numerous departmental teaching awards. Her central research focus is on how law and social behavior interact.
Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction
So, What is Sociology?
The Value of Sociology to Students
Tips for Studying Sociology-And An Invitation
Chapter 1: Responding to Chaos: A Brief History of Sociology
Inquiries into the Physical World
Technology, Urbanization, and Social Upheaval
The Origins of Modern Sociology in France: Emile Durkheim
Excerpt: Emile Durkheim, from Suicide (1897) and The Rules of the Sociological Method (1904)
The Origins of Modern Sociology in Germany: Ferdinand Tonnies and Max Weber
Excerpt: Ferdinand Tonnies, from Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (1887)
Karl Marx
The Origins of Modern Sociology in England: Herbert Spencer
Sociology in the United States
Box: One small step for sociology The Place of Sociology in Modern Society
Chapter 2: The Sociological Eye
The Focus on the Social
Skepticism
Box: Nail down that distinction between manifest and latent functions
Chapter 3: Science and Fuzzy Objects: Specialization in Sociology
Dividing Up the Task
Topic Area or Subject Matter
Theoretical Perspectives (Paradigms): Functionalist, Conflict, and Symbolic Interactionist
Which Paradigm Is Correct?
Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology
Chapter 4: Who's Afraid of Sociology?
The Empirical World and Inconvenient Facts
Ethnocentrism
Avoiding Ethnocentrism Can Be Difficult
Cultural Relativism
Chapter 5: The Vocabulary of Science
Variables
Hypotheses
Kinds of Variables: Independent Versus Dependent
Kinds of Relationships: Directionality
Operational Definitions
Tables and Figures
Chapter 6: Doing Social Research
Two Traditions: Quantitative and Qualitative Research
First Things First: The Lit Review
The Survey
Box: Six guidelines for crafting survey-questions The Experiment
Box: Five rules of doing true experiments Observation
Unobtrusive (Nonreactive) Research
The Importance of Triangulation
Sampling
Box: Ethics and social research
Chapter 7: Culture
Material and Nonmaterial Culture
Box: The power of informal sanctions Box: What do Americans value? Box: Ideology Box: Ponder Box: Statements of Belief How It Adds Up
Culture as a Product of Action
Culture as a Conditioning Element of Further Action
Box: Varieties of cultural wisdom Social Institutions
Social Change: Cultural Diffusion and Leveling
Subcultures and Countercultures
Idiocultures Excerpt: Margaret Visser, from Much Depends upon Dinner (1986)
Chapter 8: Social Structure
Statuses
Roles
Box: Tricky tricky situations Master Status
Groups
Chapter 9: Society and Social Institutions
Societal Needs
The Nature of Social Institutions
Box: Polygamy and monogamy Social Change: The Trend Toward Increasing Specialization
Chapter 10: Socialization
Nature and Nurture: Biological and Social Processes
How Socialization Works
Excerpt: George Herbert Mead, From Play and Games in the Genesis of Self (1934)
Box: Rites of passage Resocialization and Total Institutions
Ponder
Chapter 11: Deviance and Social Control
The Relativity of Deviance (What We Already Know)
Nonsociological Theories of Deviance
Sociological Theories of Deviance: Emile Durkheim and Suicide
More Structural Strain: Robert Merton and Anomie
Learning to Be Deviant: Howard Becker's Study of Marijuana Use
The Societal Reaction Perspective: Labeling Theory
The Functions of Deviance: Maintenance of the Status Quo and Social Change
Box: Ponder
Chapter 12: Stratification and Inequality
Caste Systems
Estate Systems
Box: A year in the life of the peasant Class Systems
Theoretical Conceptions of Class
Box: Ponder Some Words About Slavery
Social Mobility and Open Versus Closed Systems
Chapter 13: Inequality and Achievement: Social Class
Box: The Mathew effect Explaining Social Stratification
Box: Beyond academics The Pygmalion Effect: The Power of Expectations
The Fallacy of Hard Work
Social Mobility, Social Structure, and Social Change
Chapter 14: Inequality and Ascription: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Why a Dollar Is Not Always a Dollar
Prejudice
Discrimination
Discrimination and "Isms"
The Social Construction of Minority Groups
Gender
Box: Sex or gender?
References
Glossary/Index
Credits
Each chapter ends with End of Chapter Review and Stop and Review: Answers and Discussion