Chapter 1. Introduction
1. The Study of the Past
1. North America Defined
2. The Climate of North America
1. Broad Periods in North American Prehistory
1. A Very Brief History of Archaeology in North America
2. Speculation
2. Discovery and Description
2. Chronologies and Culture Histories
2. Towards Explanation
2. New Approaches and Methods
2. Some Current Issues
Chapter 2. How and When: Peopling the New World
1. Pleistocene Geography and Environment
2. Some Important Pleistocene Animals
1. Issues in Dating
1. The Origins of Native Americans
1. Where Did Paleoindians Come From?
2. Linguistic Evidence
2. Biological Evidence: Morphology
2. Biological Evidence: DNA
2. Archaeological Evidence
1. How Did Paleoindians Get Into the New World?
2. A Land Route?
3. An Ice Free Corridor?
2. A Coastal Route?
1. How Many Migrations Were There?
2. Linguistic and Genetic Clues
2. Skeletal Data
2. Archaeological Evidence
1. When Did People Arrive in the New World?
2. The Clovis First Model
3. A Very Rapid Colonization
3. A Clovis Overkill?
2. The Pre-Clovis Model
3. A Very Early Entry
3. A Later Pre-Clovis Entry
2. Evaluating the Evidence
3. Genetic Clues
3. The Evidence from Northeast Asia
4. Environmental Conditions
4. The Archaeological Evidence
3. The Archaeological Evidence from Alaska
4. The Nenana Complex
4. The Denali complex
4. The Mesa Complex
4. Discussion
3. The North American Evidence
4. Meadowcroft Rockshelter
4. Pre-Clovis Mammoth Hunting?
4. Cactus Hill
4. Topper
Highlight 2.1 Pre-Clovis Poop?
4. A Few Other sites
4. The Iberian Connection
3. The South American Evidence
4. Monte Verde
4. Pedra Furada Rockshelter
4. Discussion
1 Where are We Now?
Chapter 3. A Paleoindian Continent
1. The Clovis Complex
2. Environment During Clovis Times
2. Clovis Technology
2. Clovis Adaptations
Highlight 3.1 Comet! A Clovis Killer?
1. Later Paleoindian Cultures
2. A Paleocoastal Tradition?
2. Paleoindians in Western North America
2. Paleoindians on the Plains
3. The Folsom Complex
3. The Midland Complex
3. The Plano Complex
3. The Cody Complex
2. Paleoindians in Eastern North America
1. The Transition to the Archaic
1. New Migrations
Chapter 4. Whales and Sleds: The Arctic
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Arctic Prehistory
1. Prehistory of the Western Arctic
2. The Paleoindian Period
2. The Paleoarctic Tradition
2. The Ocean Bay Tradition
2. The Aleutian Tradition
2. The Kodiak Tradition
2. The Arctic Small Tool Tradition
2. The Norton Tradition
Highlight 4.1 Cape Kruzenstern and The Old Whaling Culture
2. The Thule
1. Prehistory of the Eastern Arctic
2. The Pre-Dorset
2. Saqqaq
2. Independence I
2. Independence II
2. The Dorset
Highlight 4.2. Dorset Art
2. The Thule Expansion into the Eastern Arctic
Highlight 4.3 The Inuit and the Norse
1. Native Arctic Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 5. Salmon and Potlatches: The Northwest Coast
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
Highlight 5.1 Glacial Discoveries
1. Major Themes in Northwest Coast Prehistory
Highlight 5.2 The Potlatch
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Early Holocene
2. Northwest Coast Microblade Tradition
2. The Old Cordilleran Culture
1. The Middle Holocene
1. The Developed Northwest Coast Pattern
2. The DNWCP on the North Coast
2. The DNWCP on the Central Coast
3. The Locarno Beach Phase
3. The Marpole Phase
3. The Gulf of Georgia Phase
Highlight 5.3. Ozette: The Pompeii of the Northwest Coast
2. The DNWCP on the South Coast
1. Native Northwest Coast Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 6. Roots and Pithouses: The Plateau
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
Highlight 6.1 Foragers and Collectors
1. Major Themes in Plateau Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
Highlight 6.2 The Great Missoula Floods
1. The Archaic
2. Windust
2. Cascade
Highlight 6.3. The Western Idaho Archaic Burial Complex
2. Nesikep Tradition
2. Plateau Pithouse Tradition
3. The Plateau Pithouse Tradition on the Canadian Plateau
Highlight 6.4. Keatley Creek
3. The Plateau Pithouse Tradition on the Columbia Plateau
1. Native Plateau Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 7. Acorns and Diversity: California
Highlight 7.1 Acorns: The Wheat of Ancient California
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in California Prehistory
1. The Late Pleistocene
2. The Clovis Complex
2. A Paleocoastal Tradition?
1. The Pleistocene-Holocene Transition
1. The Early Holocene
Highlight 7.2 The Millingstone Phenomenon
2. Northern California
2. The Central and Southern Coasts
2. The Sparsely Occupied Interior
1. The Middle Holocene
2. Acorns and Salmon in Northern California
2. Mortars and Shellmounds of the Central Coast
2. More Millingstones in Southern California
Highlight 7.3 The Western Nexus
2. The Beginnings of Intensification: The Central Valley and Mountains
2. The Hot Colorado Desert
1. The Late Holocene
2. Increasing Complexity: Northern California and the Central Coast
2. Money and Chiefdoms: The Santa Barbara Region
3. The Development of Chiefdoms
2. A Takic Expansion: Coastal Southern California
2. More Acorns in the Sierra Nevada
2. Growth and Elaboration in the Central Valley
2. “Lake” Times in the Colorado Desert
1. Baja California
2. The Early Occupation of Baja California
2. Southern Baja California
2. Central Baja California
2. Northern Baja California
1. Native Californian Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 8. Marshes and Deserts: The Great Basin
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Great Basin Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Paleoarchaic Period
1. The Archaic
2. The Early Archaic
2. The Middle Archaic
Highlight 8.1. Gatecliff Shelter
Highlight 8.2. Grasshoppers for Dinner Again?
2. The Late Archaic
Highlight 8.3. Lovelock Cave
3. A Numic Expansion
1. The Formative: Agricultural Societies of the Great Basin
2. The Virgin Anasazi
2. The Fremont
3. Fremont Origins
3. Fremont Economy and Organization
3. What Happened to the Fremont?
1. The Mojave Desert
1. Native Great Basin Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 9. Pithouses and Pueblos: The Southwest
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Very Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Southwestern Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Archaic
Highlight 9.1. Mesoamerican Influences in the Southwest
2. The Western Archaic
Highlight 9.2. Split Twig Figurines
2. The Northern Archaic
2. The Southern Archaic
2. The Advent of Agriculture
1. The Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi)
2. The Basketmakers
3. Basketmaker II
3. Basketmaker III
2. The Puebloans
3. Pueblo I
Highlight 9.3. The Virgin Anasazi
3. Pueblo II
4. The Chaco Phenomenon
Highlight 9.4. Cannibalism!
Highlight 9.5. The Sinagua
3. Pueblo III
3. Pueblo IV
3. Pueblo V
1. The Mogollon
2. The Pit House Period
2. The Classic Period
2. The Postclassic Period
2. The Aggregation Period
2. The Late Period
Highlight 9.6. Mimbres
Highlight 9.7. Paquimé and the Casas Grandes World
1. The Hohokam
2. The Early Agricultural Hohokam
2. The Pioneer Period
2. The Colonial Period
2. The Sedentary Period
2. The Classic Period
2. The Post-Classic Period and Beyond
Highlight 9.8. The Salado Enigma
1. The Patayan
1. Native Southwestern Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 10. Following Bison: The Plains
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Plains Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Archaic
2. The Northern High Plains
3. Early Archaic
Highlight 10.1. Head-Smashed-In Bison Jump
3. Middle Archaic
3. Late Archaic
3. The Late Prehistoric
2. The Central and Southern High Plains
3. Early Mobile Foraging
3. Late Mobile Foraging
3. Middle Prehistoric
3. The Late Prehistoric
2. The Protohistoric Period on the High Plains
Highlight 10.2. Horses!
1. The Formative
2. Plains Woodland
2. Plains Village
3. Early Plains Village
3. Late Plains Village
Highlight 10.3. The Crow Creek Massacre
2. Plains Historic
1. Native Plains Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 11. Corn and Villages: The Northeast
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Northeast Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
2. The Early Paleoindian Period
2. The Middle Paleoindian Period
2. The Late Paleoindian Period
1. The Archaic
2. The Early Archaic
2. The Middle Archaic
2. The Late Archaic
3. The Lake Forest Archaic
Highlight 11.1. The Old Copper Complex
3. The Narrow Point Archaic
Highlight 11.2. The Red Ochre Burials
3. The Late Maritime Archaic
Highlight 11.3 The Development of Indigenous Agriculture in Eastern North America
1. The Woodland Tradition
2. The Early Woodland
3. The Adena Complex
3. Other Early Woodland Developments
2. The Middle Woodland
3. The Hopewell
2. The Late Woodland
3. Fort Ancient
3. The Iroquoian Late Woodland
Highlight 11.4. The Moatfield Ossuary
3. Other Late Woodland Groups
Highlight 11.5. The Oneota Tradition
I. Native Northeast Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 12. Mounds and Towns: The Southeast
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Southeastern Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Archaic
2. The Early Archaic
2. The Middle Archaic
Highlight 12.1 The Shellmound Archaic
2. The Late Archaic
3. Poverty Point
1. The Woodland Tradition
2. The Early Woodland
2. The Middle Woodland
3. The Hopewell in the Southeast
3. Other Middle Woodland Cultures
2. The Late Woodland
1. The Mississippian Tradition
2. The Structure of Mississippian Societies
3. Mississippian Political Organization
Highlight 12.2 The State of the State
3. The Mississippian Economy
3. Mississippian Ideology
2. The Rise of Mississippian Polities
3. Emergent Mississippian
3. Middle Mississippian
3. Late Mississippian
Highlight 12.3 The Southeast Ceremonial Complex
3. Some Mississippian Polities
4. Chaokia
4. The Caddo
4. Moundville
4. Etowah
1. Native Southeastern Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 13. Moose and Fish: The Subarctic
1. Geography and Environment
1. A Brief History of Research
1. Major Themes in Subarctic Prehistory
1. The Paleoindian Period
1. The Paleoarctic
2. The Arctic Small Tool Tradition
2. Pre-Dorset
1. The Northern Archaic
1. The Shield Archaic
2. The Tahtheilei Tradition
1. The Shield Woodland
1. Native Subarctic Cultures at Contact
1. Further Reading
Chapter 14. Epilogue: After Prehistory
1. Outside Contacts with Native Americans
1. The Impact of European Contact
2. The Spanish Mission System
2. European Diseases and Population Decline
1. A Few Examples of Contact Studies
2. Gender and the Dakota
2. Cultures in Contact: Colony Ross, California
Glossary
References
Index