Engineering for sustainability
Engineering for sustainability is an emerging theme for the twenty-first century. On campuses, new courses on renewable and efficient power systems are being introduced, while the demand for practicing engineers with expertise in this area is rapidly increasing. Written both for professionals seeking a self-study guide and for upper division engineering students, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems is a design-oriented textbook that gives readers a comprehensive understanding of distributed power generation systems and renewable energy technologies. Numerous worked examples in the text illustrate the principles, while problems at the ends of each chapter provide practical applications using realistic data.
The author begins with an overview of the development of today's electric power industry, including the historical and regulatory evolution of the industry, and provides an introduction to the technical side of power generation, including the basics of electric and magnetic circuits, three-phase power, and thermodynamics. After introducing conventional steam-cycle, gas-turbine, combined-cycle, and cogeneration power plants, he leads the reader into emerging technologies including:
- Distributed generation technologies for combined heat and power, including fuel cells, microturbines, Stirling engines, and reciprocating internal combustion engines
- An introduction to the range of renewable technologies, including concentrating solar power (cSP) dish and trough systems, micro-hydropower, and biomass systems
- Economic analysis of renewable and combined heat and power systems
- Wind power, from single, home-size wind turbines to large wind farms
- Solar energy, with equations for estimating solar resources at any location and time
- Photovoltaic (PV) systemsgrid-connected, roof-top designs, off-grid stand-alone systems, and PV water pumping systems
While assuming no prerequisites, the book provides enough technical background to enable the reader to do first-order calculations on how well systems will actually perform. Throughout, techniques for evaluating the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the technologies are provided.
Comprehensive and clearly-organized, Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems prepares engineers to make their own contribution, and build their careers, in one of the most exciting, beneficial, and high-profile areas of endeavor in engineering today.
GILBERT M. MASTERS received his PhD in electrical engineering from Stanford University and has taught courses there for the past twenty-five years on energy and the environment, with an emphasis on efficiency and renewables. He is currently Professor (Emeritus) of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Stanford University and the author of several books on environmental engineering.
Preface.
1 Basic Electric and Magnetic Circuits.
1.1 Introduction to Electric Circuits.
1.2 Definitions of Key Electrical Quantities.
1.3 Idealized Voltage and Current Sources.
1.4 Electrical Resistance.
1.5 Capacitance.
1.6 Magnetic Circuits.
1.7 Inductance.
1.8 Transformers.
2 Fundamentals of Electric Power.
2.1 Effective Values of Voltage and Current.
2.2 Idealized Components Subjected to Sinusoidal Voltages.
2.3 Power Factor.
2.4 The Power Triangle and Power Factor Correction.
2.5 Three-Wire, Single-Phase Residential Wiring.
2.6 Three-Phase Systems.
2.7 Power Supplies.
2.8 Power Quality.
3 The Electric Power Industry.
3.1 The Early Pioneers: Edison, Westinghouse, and Insull.
3.2 The Electric Utility Industry Today.
3.3 Polyphase Synchronous Generators.
3.4 Carnot Efficiency for Heat Engines.
3.5 Steam-Cycle Power Plants.
3.6 Combustion Gas Turbines.
3.7 Combined-Cycle Power Plants.
3.8 Gas Turbines and Combined-Cycle Cogeneration.
3.9 Baseload, Intermediate and Peaking Power Plants.
3.10 Transmission and Distribution.
3.11 The Regulatory Side of Electric Power.
3.12 The Emergence of Competitive Markets.
4 Distributed Generation.
4.1 Electricity Generation in Transition.
4.2 Distributed Generation with Fossil Fuels.
4.3 Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Technologies.
4.4 Biomass for Electricity.
4.5 Micro-Hydropower Systems.
4.6 Fuel Cells.
4.6.7 Electrical Characteristics of Real Fuel Cells.
4.6.8 Types of Fuel Cells.
4.6.9 Hydrogen Production.
5 Economics of Distributed Resources.
5.1 Distributed Resources (DR).
5.2 Electric Utility Rate Structures.
5.3 Energy Economics.
5.4 Energy Conservation Supply Curves.
5.5 Combined Heat and Power (CHP).
5.6 Cooling, Heating, and Cogeneration.
5.7 Distributed Benefits.
5.8 Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) and Demand-Side Management (DSM).
6 Wind Power Systems.
6.1 Historical Development of Wind Power.
6.2 Types of Wind Turbines.
6.3 Power in the Wind.
6.4 Impact of Tower Height.
6.5 Maximum Rotor Efficiency.
6.6 Wind Turbine Generators.
6.7 Speed Control for Maximum Power.
6.8 Average Power in the Wind.
6.9 Simple Estimates of Wind Turbine Energy.
6.10 Specific Wind Turbine Performance Calculations.
6.11 Wind Turbine Economics.
7 The Solar Resource.
7.1 The Solar Spectrum.
7.2 The Earth’s Orbit.
7.3 Altitude Angle of the Sun at Solar Noon.
7.4 Solar Position at any Time of Day.
7.5 Sun Path Diagrams for Shading Analysis.
7.6 Solar Time and Civil (Clock) Time.
7.7 Sunrise and Sunset.
7.8 Clear Sky Direct-Beam Radiation.
7.9 Total Clear Sky Insolation on a Collecting Surface.
7.10 Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation.
7.11 Solar Radiation Measurements.
7.12 Average Monthly Insolation.
8 Photovoltaic Materials and Electrical Characteristics.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Basic Semiconductor Physics.
8.3 A Generic Photovoltaic Cell.
8.4 From Cells to Modules to Arrays.
8.5 The PV I –V Curve Under Standard Test Conditions (STC).
8.6 Impacts of Temperature and Insolation on I –V Curves.
8.7 Shading impacts on I–V curves.
8.8 Crystalline Silicon Technologies.
8.9 Thin-Film Photovoltaics.
9 Photovoltaic Systems.
9.1 Introduction to the Major Photovoltaic System Types.
9.2 Current–Voltage Curves for Loads.
9.3 Grid-Connected Systems.
9.4 Grid-Connected PV System Economics.
9.5 Stand-Alone PV Systems.
9.6 PV-Powered Water Pumping.
APPENDIX A: Useful Conversion Factors.
APPENDIX B: Sun-Path Diagrams.
APPENDIX C: Hourly Clear-Sky Insolation Tables.
APPENDIX D: Monthly Clear-Sky Insolation Tables.
APPENDIX E: Solar Insolation Tables byCity.
APPENDIX F: Maps of Solar Insolation.
Index.