Synopses & Reviews
This book provides a comprehensive review of a key step involved in cancers induced by retroviruses - insertional mutagenesis and oncogene activation. Neoplastic diseases induced by avian, murine, feline and human retroviruses are reviewed in detail to illustrate the principles of these processes. The involvement of the individual oncogenes in tumorigenesis as well as in the normal growth pathway is analyzed. The mechanisms of oncogene activation and oncogene capturing by retroviruses are discussed.
Synopsis
An integrated retrovirus effectively becomes part of the cellular genome, but with the difference that the virus to a large extent retains control over its own expression through nontranslated sequences in the long terminal repeat (L TR). Some retroviruses also code for nonstructural proteins that further regulate proviral expression. Integration changes the cell genome; it adds viral genes, and in the case of transducing retroviruses also adds cell-derived oncogenes that have been incorporated into the viral genome. Integration can also have consequences for cellular genes. The transcriptional signals in a provirus can activate expression of neighboring cellular genes; the integration even can disrupt and thus inactivate cellular genes. These effects of retroviral genomes take place in cis; they are referred to as insertional mutagenesis and are the subject of this volume. Almost 10 years have passed since W. Hayward, S. Astrin, and their colleagues found that in B cell lymphomas of chickens, induced by avian leukosis virus, transcription of the cellular proto-oncogene myc was upregulated through the integration of a complete or partial provirus in its vicinity. This landmark discovery suggested a mechanism by which retro- viruses that do not carry cellular oncogenes in their genome ("nonacute retroviruses") can cause cancer. It contributed the first evidence for the carcinogen potential of oncogenes that are not part of a viral genome.
Table of Contents
Contents: Retroviral Mutagenesis of Cellular Oncogenes: A Review with Insights into the Mechanisms of Insertional Activation.- Mutagenesis of the Mouse Germline Using Retroviruses.- Insertional Mutagenesis in Mouse Mammary Tumorigenesis.- Feline Leukaemia Virus: Generation of Pathogenic and Oncogenic Variants.- Virus-Host Interactions and the Pathogenesis of Murine and Human Oncogenic Retroviruses.- Subject Index.