Table of Contents
Part I - A Brief Overview of Karst and Pseudokarst
1. Some Common Terms
1.1 Karst
1.2 Paleokarst
1.3 Pseudokarst
2. The Development of Karst Conditions
2.1 Carbonates and Other Soluble Rock
2.2 Post Deposition Processes
2.3 Some Properties of Karst Rock
3. Types of Karst Features
3.1 Sinkholes
3.2 Sinking Streams and Springs
3.3 The Epikarst Zone
3.4 Caves
4. Karst Maturity and Development
4.1 Karst Maturity
4.2 Karst Development Time Scale
5. Areas Affected by Karst and Pseudokarst
5.1 United States
5.2 Worldwide
6. Karst and Its Many Benefits
6.1 Springs
6.2 Caves
6.3 Sinkholes
6.4 Karst Aquifers and Groundwater
Resources
6.5 Mineral Resources
7. Karst and Its Damaging Impact
7.1 Structural Impacts
7.2 Ground Water Contamination
7.3 Pseudokarst Impacts (Natural and Man-Made)
8. Triggering Mechanisms for Sinkholes
8.1 Statistics
8.2 Water-Related Triggering Mechanisms
8.3 A Guideline to Minimize Sinkholes Triggered by Water
8.4 Other Triggering Mechanisms
8.5 Size and Rate of Sinkhole Collapse
9. Cave and Cavern Collapse
9.1 Breakdown Domes
9.2 Mechanics of Cavern Breakdown
9.3 Thickness of Rock Needed to Prevent Surface Subsidence or Collapse
9.4 Experience from Mine Failures
9.5 Propagation of Subsidence and Collapse from Great Depths
10. Insight into the Nature of Cover Collapse Sinkholes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Insight from Scale Model Sinkhole Tests
10.3 Insight from Mine Backfill Stabilization
10.4 Conceptual Models of Cover Collapse Sinkholes
Part II The Strategy and Methods for Site Characterization
11. What is Site Characterization
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Uncertainties in Site Characterization
11.3 The Technical Literature
11.4 Concepts and Strategies for Site Characterization by Others
11.5 The Site Characterization
Team
11.6 Some Pitfalls of Site Characterization
12. The Strategy
12.1 The Detection Dilemma
12.2 Appropriate, Adequate and Accurate Data
12.3 Key Steps in the Site Characterization Process
12.4 Summary
13. The Desk Study
13.1 What We Know and Don't Know
13.2 Sources of Existing Information and Data
13.3 Type of Data Available
13.4 Data Mining and Review
13.5 The Preliminary Conceptual Model
14. Aerial Photography and Remote Sensing Data
14.1 Availability
14.2 Scale
14.3 Coverage
14.4 Aerial Photos
14.5 Beyond Black and White Aerial Photos (Other Formats and Methods)
15. Site Walkover
15.1 The Initial Site Walkover
15.2 Importance of Observations
15.3 Some Tools for the Field
15.4 On-Site Walkovers and Off-Site Drives
15.5 Site Coverage
15.6 Observations and Mapping
15.7 Fly Over
15.8 Updating the Conceptual Model
15.9 Updating the Work Plan
16. Surface Geophysical Methods
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Brief History of the Surface Geophysical Methods
16.3 An Overview of Surface Geophysics
16.4 Guidelines for the Selection of the Surface Geophysical Methods
16.5 Application of Surface Geophysical Methods
17. Invasive Methods
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Direct Push Methods
17.3 Borings
17.4 Excavations and Trenches
18. Geophysical Logging
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Geophysical Logging Measurements
18.3 Various Applications for