This reader uses primary sources to illuminate the intellectual, political, and cultural history of 20th-century Europe. Each part, chapter, and section contains an introduction that explains the historical setting and significance of the readings within.
Marvin Perry is a retired Professor of History at Baruch College, City University of New York. He has published several successful Cengage Learning texts, including WESTERN CIVILIZATION: A BRIEF HISTORY; SOURCES OF THE WESTERN TRADITION, the leading Western Civilization reader; AN INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF MODERN EUROPE; WESTERN CIVILIZATION: IDEAS, POLITICS, AND SOCIETY (senior author and general editor); SOURCES OF EUROPEAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 (senior editor); and HUMANITIES IN THE WESTERN TRADITION (senior author and general editor). Dr. Perry?s scholarly work focuses on the history of ideas.Matthew Berg is Professor of History at John Carroll University, where he teaches courses in modern European history with a particular focus on Germany, international human rights issues, and genocide. He has published widely in the field of postwar reconstruction, political culture, and memory of the Nazi past in Austria, and his ongoing research focuses on politics, the experience of occupation, and everyday life in Vienna's social democratic milieu during the initial years after 1945.James Krukones is Associate Academic Vice President and Associate Professor of History at John Carroll University in Cleveland. He is the author of To the People: The Russian Government and the Newspaper Sel'skii vestnik "Village Herald," 1881-1917 (Garland, 1988). His articles and reviews have appeared in publications such as the American Historical Review, Slavic Review, Film and History, and the Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. Dr. Krukones' teaching areas include Russia, Eastern Europe, and history on film. For the last several years his research has focused on Soviet film and its distribution in the U.S.
1. The Nineteenth-Century Inheritance The Evolution of Liberalism. L.T. Hobhouse, Justification for State Intervention. Herbert Spencer, The Man Versus the State. Feminism and Antifeminism. John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women. Emmeline Pankhurst, Why We Are Militant. The Goncourt Brothers, On Female Inferiority. Almroth E. Wright, The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage. Revisionism. Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism. Radical Nationalism. Houston Stewart Chamberlain, The Importance of Race. Cecil Rhodes, The Superior Anglo-Saxon Race. Imperialism. Joseph Chamberlain, The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and "The White Man's Burden." Karl Pearson, Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature. Friedrich Fabri, Does Germany Need Colonies? Anti-Semitism: Regression to Mythical Thinking. Hermann Ahlwardt, The Semitic Versus the Teutonic Race. Édouard Drumont, Jewish France. The Kishinev Pogrom, 1903. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State. Irrationalism. Friedrich Nietzsche, The Will to Power and The Antichrist. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents. The Political Potential of the Irrational. Georges Sorel, Reflections on Violence. 2. World War I Militarism. Heinrich von Treitschke, The Greatness of War. Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War. Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde, The Young People of Today. British Fear of German Power. Eyre Crowe, Germany's Yearning for Expansion and Power. Pan-Serbism: Nationalism, Terrorism, Assassination. The Black Hand. Baron von Giesl, Austrian Reponse to the Assassination War as Celebration: The Mood in European Capitals. Roland Doregelès, Paris: "That Fabulous Day." Stefan Zweig, Vienna: "The Rushing Feeling of Fraternity." Philipp Scheidemann, Berlin: "The Hour We Yearned For." Bertrand Russell, London: "Average Men and Women Were Delighted at the Prospect of War." M.V. Rodzianko, St. Petersburg: "There Is Neither Doubt Nor Hesitation Among Us." Trench Warfare. Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front. Siegfried Sassoon, Base Details. Wilfred Owen, Disabled. Women at War. Naomi Loughnan, Genteel Women in the Factories. Magda Trott, Opposition to Female Employment. Russian Women in Combat. The Paris Peace Conference. Woodrow Wilson, The Idealistic View. Georges Clemenceau, French Demands for Security and Revenge. German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference, A Peace of Might. The War and European Consciousness. Paul Valery, Disillusionment. Erich Maria Remarque, The Lost Generation. Ernst von Salomon, Brutalization of the Individual. Sigmund Freud, A Legacy of Embitterment. 3. The Russian Revolution and the Soviet Union Russian Society Before World War I. Sergei Witte, A Report for Tsar Nicholas II. M.I. Pokzovskaya, Working Conditions for Women in the Factories. Olga Semyonova Tian-Shanskaia, Sketches of Peasant Life. The Revolution of 1905. George Capon and Ivan Vasimov, Workers' Petition to the Tsar. The October Manifesto. The March Revolution. J. Pollock, An Outsider's View. Proclamation of the Provisional Government. The Provisional Government in Disarray. Army Intelligence Report, The Breakdown of Military Discipline. Petrograd Telegraph Agency, Agrarian Unrest. The Bolshevik Revolution. V.I. Lenin, What Is to Be Done? N.N. Sukhanov, Trotsky Arouses the People. V.I. Lenin, The Call to Power. One Step Backward. Proclamation of the Kronstadt Rebels. William Henry Chamberlin, The New Economic Policy. Modernize or Perish. Joseph Stalin, The Hard Line. Forced Collectivization. Joseph Stalin, Liquidation of the Kulaks. Lev Kopelev, Terror in the Countryside. Miron Dolot, Famine in the Ukraine. Soviet Indoctrination. A.O. Avdienko, The Cult of Stalin. Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Literature as Propaganda. Vladimir Polyakov, An Attack on Censorship--The Story of Fireman Prokhorchuk. Stalin's Terror. Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev's Secret Speech. Lev Razgon, True Stories. Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon. 4. An Era of Fascism The Rise of Fascism in Italy. Benito Mussolini, Fascist Doctrines. The Fledgling Weimar Republic. Klara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, and Franz Mehring, Spartacist Manifesto. Current History (journal), The Kapp Putsch. Konrad Heiden, The Ruinous Inflation, 1923. Friedrich Jünger, Antidemocratic Thought in the Weimar Republic. The Great Depression. Pilgrim Trust, Men Without Work. Heinrich Hauser, With Germany's Unemployed. The Rise of Hitler. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf. Kurt G.W. Ludecke, The Demagogic Orator. Thomas Mann, An Appeal to Reason. The Leader-State. Ernst Huber, The Authority of the Führer Is...All-Inclusive and Unlimited. The Nazification of Culture and Society. Alice Hamilton, The Youth Who Are Hitler's Strength. Johannes Stark, "Jewish Science" versus "German Science". Jakob Graf, Heredity and Racial Biology for Students. Louis P. Lochner, Book Burning. Nazi Persecution of Jews. Hertha Nathorff, A German Jewish Doctor's Diary. Marta Appel, Memoirs of a German Jewish Woman. Social Democracy in Austria. John Lehmann, Public Housing in Vienna. Julius Deutsch, Destruction of Austrian Socialism. The Spanish Civil War. Fred Thomas, To Tilt at Windmills. Canute Frankson, Letter from an African-American Volunteer. Arthur Koestler, Dialogue with Death. The Anguish of the Intellectuals. Richard N. Coudenhove-Kalergi, Pan-Europe. Jose Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses. Johan Huizinga, In the Shadow of Tomorrow. Ignazio Silone, Bread and Wine. Arthur Koestler, "I Was Ripe to Be Converted." Nicolas Berdyaev, Modern Ideologies at Variance with Christianity. Christopher Dawson, The Failure of Secularization. 5. World War II Prescient Observers of Nazi Germany. Horace Rumbold, "Pacifism Is the Deadliest of Sins." George S. Messersmith, "The Nazis Were After...Unlimited Territorial Expansion." Douglas Miller, "The Nazis Were Determined to Secure More Power and More Territory in Europe." Fascist Aggression: Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia. Benito Mussolini, "A Solemn Hour." Haile Selassie, "It Is International Morality That Is at Stake." The Anschluss, March 1938. Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday. The Munich Agreement. Neville Chamberlain, In Defense of Appeasement.. Winston Churchill, "A Disaster of the First Magnitude." World War II Begins. Adolf Hitler, "Poland Will Be Depopulated and Settled with Germans." The Fall of France. Heinz Guderian, "French Leadership...Could Not Grasp the Significance of the Tank in Mobile Warfare." Hans Habe, "France's Internal Weaknesses." The Battle of Britain. Winston Churchill, "Blood, Toil, Tears, and Sweat." The Indoctrination of the German Soldier: For Volk, Führer, and Fatherland. (Excerpts from Nazi tracts and letters) Stalingrad. William Hoffman, Diary of a German Soldier. Joachim Wieder, Stalingrad: Memories and Reassessments. The Holocaust. Hermann Graebe, Slaughter of Jews in Ukraine. Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz. Y. Pfeffer, Concentration Camp Life and Death. Resistance. Albert Camus, "I Am Fighting You Because Your Logic Is as Criminal as Your Heart." Hans and Sophie Scholl, The White Rose. Tadeusz Bor-Komorowski, The Warsaw Rising, 1944. D-Day, June 6, 1944. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Operation Overlord. The End of the Third Reich. Nerin E. Gun, The Liberation of Dachau. Marie Neumann, We're in the Hands of a Mob, Not Soldiers, and They're All Drunk out of Their Minds. Adolf Hitler, Political Testament. 6. Western Europe: The Dawn of a New Era The Aftermath: Devastation and Hope. Stephen Spender, European Witness. Gerold Frank, The Tragedy of the DP's. Bruno Foa, Europe in Ruins. United Nations Charter. George C. Marshall, Laying the Foundations for Recovery. The Recent Past and Western Consciousness. Ernst Cassirer, The Myth of the State. John H. Hallowell, The Crisis of Our Times. George Orwell, 1984. Jean-Paul Sartre, Existence Precedes Essence. The New West Germany and the Nazi Past. Konrad Adenauer, Democratic Politics and Christian Ideals. Friedrich Meinecke, The German Catastrophe. Hannah Vogt, The Burden of Guilt. The Cold War. Winston Churchill, The Iron Curtain. Nikita S. Khrushchev, Report to the Twentieth Party Congress. George F. Kennan, Containing the Soviet Union. Paul-Henri Spaak, Why NATO? The Twilight of Imperialism. Jawaharlal Nehru, India's Resentment of British Rule. Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Vietnam, September 2, 1945. Ferhat Abbas, The Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic Demands Independence. 7. The Eastern Bloc, 1945-1981 The "People's Democracies. " G.E.R. Gedye, Witness to the Czechoslovak Coup (1948). Wolfgang Leonhard, The Communist Takeover of East Germany. Communist Information Bureau, Cominform Resolution on Yugoslavia (1949). Repression in the Soviet Union and Its Satellites. Roy Medvedev, Stalin's Last Years. The Dubcek Government's Commission of Inquiry (1968), The Czechoslovak Political Trials (1950-54). Jozsef Cardinal Mindszenty, Memoirs. Dissidence and Popular Revolt. Milovan Djilas, The New Class. Andor Heller, The Hungarian Revolution (1956). The Soviet Army, "Against the Unbridled Forces of Reaction." The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Action Program (1968). Warsaw Meeting of Five Communist and Worker Parties, "To the Czechoslovak Communist Party Central Committee." Solidarity. Inter-Factory Strike Committee of Gdansk Shipyard, The Twenty-One Demands. 8. Western Europe Since the 1960s Social and Cultural Criticism. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Daniel Cohn-Bendit, The French Student Revolt. Jacques Ellul, The Betrayal of the West. Joschka Fischer, The Alteration of Industrial Society. Conflicting Approaches to Industrial Relations. Ludwig Erhard, West Germany's Social Market Economy. Margaret Thatcher, The 1980 Steel Strike. Tony Blair, New Labour and the Unions. The New Right. Jean-Marie Le Pen, The First Horseman of the Apocalypse: International Communism. Jörg Haider, Multi-Culturalism and Love of One's Country. Ingo Hasselbach, Inside the Neo-Nazi Scene. Ethnic Minorities. Enoch Powell, Bringing the Immigration Issue to the Center of Politics. Zehra Onder, Muslim-Turkish Children in Germany: Sociocultural Problems. Joachim Krautz, The Grapes of Neglect--Violence and Xenophobia in Germany. Commission for the Abolishment of Sexual Mutilations, African Immigrants in France: The Controversy over Female Circumcision. Coming to Terms with the Past: Reflections on the Holocaust. Richard von Weizsäcker, A German Plea for Remembrance and Reconciliation. Elie Wiesel, Reflections of a Survivor. Vatican Commission for Religious Relations with the Jews, We Remember: A Reflection on the "Shoah." 9. The Collapse of Communism A Tottering Old Regime. Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika. Václav Havel, Farce, Reformability, and the Future of the World. Stasi Report on Motives for Emigration, September 9, 1989. Popular Protest and Dissolution. Alfred Erich Senn, Lithuania Awakening. Timothy Garton Ash, Berlin: Wall's End. Thomas Omestad, The Velvet Revolution. Martin Sixsmith, Moscow Coup. The Trauma of Transition from Communism. Eleanor Randolph, The New Mafia. Mortimer B. Zuckerman, Russia 1999: Awaiting Another Revolution? David Rieff, Slaughter in Yugoslavia. Thomas L. Friedman, Was Kosovo World War III? NATO's Balkan Conflict. Maurice Friedberg, Resurgent Anti-Semitism.