States of Delinquency Race & Science in the Making of Californias Juvenile Justice System

and#147;Miroslava Chand#225;vez-Garcand#237;a digs into long-forgotten files and humanizes the forgotten victims of injustice. States of Delinquency exposes the hidden racial dynamics of Californiaand#8217;s juvenile justice system and makes us re-think the history of the child-saving movement.and#8221;and#151;Tony Platt, author of The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency

and#147;Impressively researched and passionately argued, States of Delinquency shows how racial prejudice and bogus social science reshaped early twentieth century juvenile corrections in California. Chavez-Garcia recreates both the everyday world of reform schools and the lives of delinquent youth, especially minorities, who were unfortunate enough to be confined there (or, worse, reassigned to special hospitals for sterilization). This book is an innovative, disquieting, and vividly detailed contribution to historical scholarship on the theory and practice of American juvenile justice.and#8221;and#151;Steven Schlossman, author of Transforming Juvenile Justice.

and#147;A fascinating and compelling study that reconstructs the forgotten lives of California's marginalized and criminalized youth. States of Delinquency illuminates the unsettling history of the juvenile justice system and demonstrates its relevance to the disproportionate incarceration of racial and ethnic minorities today.and#8221;and#151;Alexandra Minna Stern, author of Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America.

“Recommended.” Choice

“[States of Delinquency] is a tour de force of historical research. . . . A valuable resource for the student and the citizen.” Criminal Law and Crim Justice Bks / Criminal Justice Abstracts

and#8220;[States of Delinquency] is a tour de force of historical research. . . . A valuable resource for the student and the citizen.and#8221;

and#8220;Recommended.and#8221;

This unique analysis of the rise of the juvenile justice system from the nineteenth to twentieth centuries uses one of the harshest statesand#151;Californiaand#151;as a case study for examining racism in the treatment of incarcerated young people of color. Using rich new untapped archives, States of Delinquency is the first book to explore the experiences of young Mexican Americans, African Americans, and ethnic Euro-Americans in California correctional facilities including Whittier State School for Boys and the Preston School of Industry. Miroslava Chand#225;vez-Garcand#237;a examines the ideologies and practices used by state institutions as they began to replace families and communities in punishing youth, and explores the application of science and pseudo-scientific research in the disproportionate classification of youths of color as degenerate. She also shows how these boys and girls, and their families, resisted increasingly harsh treatment and various kinds of abuse, including sterilization.

Miroslava Chand#225;vez-Garcand#237;a is Associate Professor of Chicano/a Studies at the University of California, Davis. She is the author of Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s.

List of Illustrations

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1. Building Juvenile Justice Institutions in California

2. Fred C. Nelles: Innovative Reformer, Conservative Eugenicist

3. Mildred S. Covert: Eugenics Fieldworker, Racial Pathologist

4. Cristobal, Fred, Tony, and Albert M.: Specimens in Scientific Research and Race Betterment

5. Otto H. Close: Promising Leader, Complacent Bureaucrat

6. The Legacy of Benny Moreno and Edward Leiva: and#147;Defective Delinquentsand#8221; or Tragic Heroes?

Epilogue: Recovering Youthsand#8217; Voices

Notes

Bibliography

Index