Synopses & Reviews
This book gives a comprehensive survey of the structure and fiber connections of the brain stem in a well-differentiated lizard, the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus. It comprises a cytoarchitectonic analysis of the cell masses in the brain stem, a discussion of the localization of monoaminergic and certain peptidergic neuron systems and a review of the experimental data currently available on this lizard and on closely related species. The structure of the brain stem is discussed in terms of functional systems; wherever possible, the cell masses are treated in the framework of their interconnecting fiber paths as demonstrated by tract-tracing techniques and in relation to experimental data on other reptiles. Furthermore, some comments on the similarities and differences between the reptilian and the mammalian brain stems are presented. Research in lower vertebrates, including reptiles, has added much to our knowledge on basic features in the organization of the neuronal circuitry common to vertebrates.
Synopsis
With the introduction of modern neuroanatomical tract-tracing techniques (e. g., Heimer and RoBards 1981; Mesulam 1982) and immunohistochemical methods (e. g., Cuello 1983) powerful tools to study the circuitry of the central nervous system in vertebrates became available. These techniques have also been widely applied in "lower" vertebrates. A major task of comparative neurobiology is to sample the variations that exist in the brains of living taxa and to recognize common morphological patterns and their adaptive significance (Northcutt 1978, 1981). Reptiles, with their great variation in form and locomotion, are particularly interesting objects for neurobiologic research. They were the first vertebrates to be truly terrestrial and each reptilian radiation has solved many of the major obstacles to successful land invasion in strikingly different ways (Gans 1974). Among reptiles, the most encephalized species (as regards brain- body weight relationship, e. g., Jerison 1973; Ebbesson and Northcutt 1976; Platel1979) are the dracomorphs (e. g. teiids, varanids and iguanids). The brains of dracomorphs can best be described as the most complex among living lizards with increase in both size and differentiation of most sensory modalities (North- cutt 1978). In the present study, the structure and fiber connections of the brain stem of such a highly developed dracomorph, the savanna monitor lizard, Varanus exanthematicus (Fig. 1), are analyzed. The brain stem plays a key role within the central nervous system.
Table of Contents
Contents: Introduction.- Materials and Techniques.- Gross Anatomy.- Spinal Projections to the Brain Stem.- Organization and Connections to the Sensory Trigeminal Nuclei.- The Solitary Tract and Related Nuclei.- Cranial Nerve Motor Nuclei.- The Vestibular Nuclear Complex and Related Structures.- Acoustic Projections.- Visual Input to the Brain Stem.- Forebrain Projections to the Brain Stem.- Cerebellar Connections.- The Reticular Formation.- Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgment.- References.- Subject Index.