Synopses & Reviews
Synopsis
This book presents the history, phenomena, and relevance of the stratosphere. Beginning with the discovery of the stratosphere itself, the book explores various unexpected phenomena observed in the stratosphere, such as the ozone hole in 1984 and the influence of the 11-year solar cycle in 1987. It describes the interrelations of stratospheric phenomena and its effects on the variability of the climate system, as well as examines various human impacts on the system such as the decrease in the ozone layer.
Synopsis
1 Berlin and the Stratosphere.- 1.1 The first meteorological observations.- 1.2 The exploration of the free atmosphere.- 1.2.1 Manned balloon flights.- 1.2.2 Unmanned instrumented balloons.- 1.3 The discovery of the stratosphere.- 1.4 The Royal Prussian Aeronautical Observatory at Lindenberg.- 1.4.1 The discovery of the Berson westerlies above the equator.- 1.5 The Institute of Meteorology at the Freie Universit t Berlin.- 1.5.1 The discovery of the Berlin Phenomenon.- 1.5.2 The first climatology of the stratosphere on the Northern Hemisphere.- 1.5.3 The first daily weather maps of the stratosphere.- 1.5.4 The discovery of the solar signal in the stratosphere.- Literature.- 2 A Brief Description of the Stratospheric Climate.- 2.1 What kind of data is available today?.- 2.2 Mean conditions in the stratosphere.- 2.2.1 The global temperatures.- 2.2.2 The global winds.- 2.2.3 The global circulation in the stratosphere.- 2.2.4 Monthly mean maps of the Northern Hemisphere.- 2.2.5 Monthly mean maps of the Southern Hemisphere.- 2.3 Variability and trends.- 2.3.1 Interannual variability of temperature.- 2.3.2 Temperature trends in the stratosphere.- Literature.- 3 Warm and Cold Winters in the Stratosphere.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Synoptic description of a major midwinter warming.- 3.2.1 Classification of the stratospheric warmings.- 3.2.2 The Major Midwinter Warming in the winter of 1990-1991.- 3.2.3 The typical development of a stratospheric warming.- 3.3 Associations.- 3.3.1 The Southern Oscillation (SO).- 3.3.2 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO).- 3.3.3 The solar signal in the northern winter.- 3.3.4 Volcanoes and cold winters in the stratosphere..- 3.4 A comparison between the Arctic and Antarctic.- 3.5 Model experiments.- Literature.- 4 The Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO).- 4.1 Early observations.- 4.2 The discovery of the QBO in the equatorial stratosphere..- 4.3 Our present concept of the QBO.- 4.4 The connection between the QBO and high northern latitudes.- Literature.- 5 The Ozone Layer.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Early observations.- 5.2.1 Dobson's early network of observations.- 5.2.2 The amount of ozone above Troms .- 5.3 The natural distribution of total ozone.- 5.4 Loss of stratospheric ozone caused by man.- 5.4.1 Catalytic destruction of ozone.- 5.4.2 The antarctic ozone hole.- 5.4.3 Trends in the ozone content of the atmosphere.- 5.4.4 Measures adopted to reduce chlorine.- Literature.- 6 The 11-Year Sunspot Cycle and the Stratosphere.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The solar signal in the stratosphere during the year.- 6.2.1 The Northern Hemisphere.- 6.2.2 The Southern Hemisphere.- 6.2.3 Global correlations.- 6.3 Is there a connection to the tropical troposphere?.- 6.4 Total ozone and the 11-year sunspot cycle.- 6.5 In search of a physical-dynamical mechanism.- Literature.- 7 Final Remarks.- 7.1 A summary.- 7.2 Is the stratosphere relevant to our climate?.- 7.3 The unexpected.- Table of Boxes.
Synopsis
This book describes the discovery of the stratosphere itself and of various unexpected phenomena in the stratosphere: e.g., a manned balloon flight in 1901 as high as 11 km; an expedition to Lake Victoria in Africa in 1908 which found inexplicable west winds in the stratosphere above the equator; and the discovery of the ozone layer in the 1930s, the Berlin Phenomenon in 1952, the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in 1960, the influence of volcanic eruptions in 1970, the ozone hole in 1984, and the influence of the 11-year solar cycle in 1987. The book also describes how these phenomena are connected with each other and how they create variability in the climate system, in addition to man-made changes, such as the decrease in ozone. We use the stratosphere as one example of Nature's complexity and of how often discoveries are ignored because they do not fit prevalent concepts.