Traditional biological sensors, based on enzymatic receptors and potentiometric or amperometric transducers are well reviewed and are nowadays even included extensively in many textbooks. The editors of this volume, the 2nd in the new Springer Series on Chemical and Biosensors, have focussed exclusively on alternative types of chemical and biological sensors or sensor-like structures. Special attention is given to sensor principles based on the use of linear or non-linear impedance spectroscopy. After self-assembled monolayers have become a viable technology for the immobilization of organic molecules on electrodes and for the formation of covalently stabilized receptor layers and even more sophisticated organic nano- and microstructures, this has led to the development of numerous analytical applications of impedometric sensor methods. These new and very promising types of sensors, their technology and performance in real world applications form the main topic of this book written by leading experts from around the world.
From the reviews: "The book's topic - chemical and biosensors - is still a rapidly growing field of research ... . The book is highly suited to researchers in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry at any level, including PhD students. The volume contains a selection of competent contributions from well-recognized authors. Congratulations are due to the series editor O. S. Wolfbeis and the volume editor V. M. Mirsky." (Frieder W. Scheller, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 386, 2006)
The traditional concept of biological sensors, based on enzymatic receptors and potentiometric or amperometric transducers has undergone several genera- tions of development. Such types of biosensors have been extensively reviewed, described in many textbooks and commercialized. This book is focused on alternative types of chemical and biological sensors or sensor-like structures and approaches, exploring electrical or electrochemical signal detection. Spe- cial attention is paid to applications of linear and nonlinear impedance. Some basic ideas in this field are very old - first described, for example, in the classi- cal work by Warburg at the end of the 19th century. Later impedance spectrosco- py became a popular approach for studying adsorption of organic molecules on polarizable metal electrodes. However, analytical applications of this approach have only been developed over the last decade, after the establishment of the technology of self-assembled monolayers. In that time, when many scientists were disappointed with attempts to use the Langmuir-Blodgett technique for manufacturing electrochemical devices, the self-assembled monolayers became a viable technology for immobilization of organic molecules on electrodes and for the formation of covalently stabilized receptor layers and even more sophis- ticated organic nano- and microstructures. This resulted in the development of numerous analytical applications of impedometric methods which are the main topic of the present book. The book consists of four parts.
Ultrathin Electrochemical Chemo- and Biosensors:
Technology and Performance
Contents
Preface
Part 1: Receptors
Antibodies for biosensors
K. Kramer and B. Hock
Technical University of Muenchen, Center of Life Sciences, Chair of Cell Biology, Alte Akademie 12, D-85350 Freising, Germany
1. Introduction
2. Structure and function of antibodies
3. Production of antibodies
3.1. Antibodies obtained from sera and hybridoma cell cultures
3.2. Recombinant antibodies
3.3. Antibody library derived from a set of B cells
4. Diversification by chain shuffling
5. Antibody optimization as special case of genetic algorithms
6. Biosensors as tool in evolutionary antibody synthesis
6.1. Antibodies as receptors in biosensor designs
6.2. Limitations of antibody based biosensor designs
7. Conclusions and outlook
Molecularly imprinted polymers as recognition elements in sensors
Karsten Haupt
University of Technology of Compiègne, B.P. 20529, 60205 Compiégne cedex, France
1. Molecularly imprinted polymers
1.1. General principle of molecular imprinting
1.2. The imprinting matrix
1.2.1. Acrylic and vinyl polymers
1.2.2. Other organic polymers
1.2.3. Other imprinting matrices
1.3. Target molecules
1.4. Physical forms and preparation methods of MIPs
1.4.1. Imprinted particles - making MIPs smaller
1.4.2. Imprinting at surfaces
1.4.3. Thin imprinted polymer films
2. Applications of imprinted polymers in sensors
2.1. General considerations
2.2. General transducer types
2.3. The analyte generates the signal
2.4. The polymer generates the signal
3. Outlook
Part 2. Impedometric and amperometric chemical and biological sensors
Capacitance Affinity Biosensors
Helen Berney
National Microelectronics Research Centre, Prospect Row, Lee Maltings Cork, Ireland.
1 Introduction
2 Capacitance Based Transduction
2.1 The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
2.1.1 Metal Electrodes
2.1.2 Semiconductor Electrodes
2.2 Modelling the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface
3 Capacitance Sensors
3.1 Capacitance Sensing with Interdigitated Electrodes
3.2 Capacitance Sensing at the Metal/Solution Interface
3.3 Capacitance Sensing at the Semiconductor/Solution Interface
4 Conclusions
References
Immunosensors and DNA-Sensors Based on Impedance Spectroscopy
Eugenii Katz and Itamar Willner
Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
1. Introduction.
2. Impedance Spectroscopy - Theoretical Background.
3. Immunosensors Based on Impedance Spectroscopy.
3.1. Immunosensors based on in-plane impedance measurements between electrodes.
3.2. Immunosensors based on interfacial impedance measurements at electrodes.
4. DNA Sensors Based on Impedance Spectroscopy.
4.1. Impedimetric sensing of DNA hybridization.
4.2. Impedimetric sensing of single-base mismatches in DNA sequences.
4.3. Impedimetric sensing of DNA and RNA replication.
5. Conclusions and Perspectives.
"Voltohmmetry" - a new transducer principle for electrochemical sensors
Michael J. Schöning
University of Applied Sciences Aachen (Division Jülich) and Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (Research Centre Jülich), D-52425 Jülich, Germany
1. Introduction
2. Theory and experiment
2.1 Theory of surface resistance change
2.2 Fabrication of thin-film electrodes
2.3 Instrumentation and chemicals
2.4 Measurement procedure
3. Characterization and applications of voltohmmetric sensors
3.1 Physical characterisation of the thin-film electrodes
3.2 Analytical approach
3.2.1 Resistance / voltage curve and evaluation procedure
3.2.2 Sensitivity and selectivity
3.2.3 Reproducibility
3.2.4 Heavy metal determination in complex analytes
4. Conclusion and perspectives
Electrochemical sensors for the detection of superoxide and nitric oxide
- two biologically important radicals
F. Lisdat
University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Golm, Germany
1. Introduction
2. Superoxide and NO - short-lived, reactive species
3. Sensors for superoxide
3.1. Sensors based on enzymatic product detection
3.2. Sensors based on direct protein-electrode contacts
3.3. Sensorial detection of antioxidants
4. Nitric oxide sensors
5. Conclusion
Part 3. Non-invasive electrical monitoring of living cells
Living Cells on Chip: Bioanalytical Applications
Martin Brischwein, Helmut Grothe, Angela M. Otto, Christoph Stepper, Thomas Weyh, Bernhard Wolf
Heinz Nixdorf Lehrstuhl für Medizinische Elektronik, Technische Universität München, Theresienstrasse 90, Geb. N 3, D-80333 München, Germany
1. Introduction
2. Chip design and Fabrication
3. Cell Culture on Chips and Accessory Devices for Biohybrid Systems
4. Transducers for Cellular Output Signals
4.1. pH Sensors
4.2. Oxygen Sensors
4.3. Sensors directed to Biomembranes and Morphological Patterns
4.4. Sensors for Electrophysiological Activity
5. Applications and Future Prospects
6. References
Bioanalytical application of impedance analysis: transducing in polymer based biosensors and probes for living tissues
G. Farace and P. Vadgama
IRC in Biomaterials, Queen Mary, University of London, Mile End Rd, London, E1 4NS, UK
1 Introduction
2 Impedance for transduction in biosensors
3 Impedance as a basif for probing bacteria and cells
4 Future Directions
References
Non-invasive electrical sensor devices to monitor living cells online
Andreas Janshoff,# Claudia Steinem,$ Joachim Wegener+* #
Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Jakob-Welder-Weg 11, 55128 Mainz, Germany $
Institut für Analytische Chemie, Chemo- und Biosensorik, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany +
Institut für Biochemie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhlem-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical impedance measurements to monitor living cells
2.1. Experimental background of ECIS
2.2. Biomedical applications
2.2.1. Attachment and spreading of mammalian cells to adhesive proteins
2.2.2. b -adrenergic stimulation of cells forming the blood vessels
3. Piezoelectric approaches to monitor living cells
3.1. Physical background of the QCM technique
3.1.1. Thickness shear mode resonators
3.1.2. Electro-mechanical coupling in TSM resonators
3.1.3. Devices, setups, and measuring principles
3.1.3.1. Active mode
3.1.3.2. Passive mode
3.2. Cell adhesion monitoring
3.2.1. Cell adhesion monitored in the active mode
3.2.2. Cell adhesion monitored in the passive mode
3.3. Manipulating the actin-cytoskeleton
3.4. Double mode (DM)-impedance analysis of cell-substrate- and cell-cell contacts
Part 4. Lipid membranes as biosensors
Functional Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membranes
Wolfgang Knolla), Kenichi Morigakib), Renate Naumanna),Barbara Sacc